CAJ | 학술논문

西汉前、中期，整个社会笼罩着一股天人感应神学思潮。作为史学家兼思想家的司马迁，也以“究天人之际”为其撰写《史记》的宗旨，这自然引起后人对他的天人观的关注。纵观《史记》一书，无论是谈论王朝更替的历史大势，还是叙述具体人物的成功与失败，司马迁都充分肯定人为的作用，体现了一种重人事的思想。《史记》在一些篇章中，还对天道进行了质问，肯定占星活动与时代战乱密切相关，并对统治者求仙长生的荒唐行为做了揭露和刺讥，如此等等，都反映了司马迁具有较为明显的天人相分的思想。但是，司马迁重人事，疑天道，却从未否定过天命的存在。《史记》鼓吹的“圣人无父感天而生”的王权先天注定论和圣王同祖于黄帝的“报德”思想，肯定灾异之变与人事的密切关系，以及对怪诞故事的记载等等，都充分说明司马迁对天命王权和天人感应思想是做了一定程度的宣扬的。因此，我们对司马迁的天道观要有一个全面认识和准确把握，在肯定其重人事思想之积极内蕴的同时，也应该看到他还没有完全摆脱这种天人感应时代神学思潮的束缚。
서한전、중기，정개사회롱조착일고천인감응신학사조。작위사학가겸사상가적사마천，야이“구천인지제”위기찬사《사기》적종지，저자연인기후인대타적천인관적관주。종관《사기》일서，무론시담론왕조경체적역사대세，환시서술구체인물적성공여실패，사마천도충분긍정인위적작용，체현료일충중인사적사상。《사기》재일사편장중，환대천도진행료질문，긍정점성활동여시대전란밀절상관，병대통치자구선장생적황당행위주료게로화자기，여차등등，도반영료사마천구유교위명현적천인상분적사상。단시，사마천중인사，의천도，각종미부정과천명적존재。《사기》고취적“골인무부감천이생”적왕권선천주정론화골왕동조우황제적“보덕”사상，긍정재이지변여인사적밀절관계，이급대괴탄고사적기재등등，도충분설명사마천대천명왕권화천인감응사상시주료일정정도적선양적。인차，아문대사마천적천도관요유일개전면인식화준학파악，재긍정기중인사사상지적겁내온적동시，야응해간도타환몰유완전파탈저충천인감응시대신학사조적속박。
Sima Qian took ＂exploring the relationship between Heaven and Man＂ as the basic tenet when wrote SHI JI, which exhibited particular academic courage as a historian and thinker in Western Han Dynasty when was involved in divine trend of thought. Sima Qian made great efforts to exploring the relationship between Heaven and Man and expressed clear idea of the distinctive functions of Heaven and Man, but in Sill Jl he wrote lots of weirdness and disaster and claimed that the power of king or emperor was awarded by Heaven, which reflected that Sima Qian couldn＇ t get rid of the divine trend of thought.