CAJ | 학술논문

青铜箭镞是古代制造量最大、一次性使用的兵器，与要求甚高的青铜剑和青铜礼乐器等相比，在选材和表面处理等方面有很大的不同，其锈蚀过程最能反映材料在经过数千年后所产生变化。长江中下游地区环境潮湿，埋藏条件复杂，本研究利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、能谱仪（EDS）、X-射线衍射仪（XRD）、显微硬度等分析测试技术，从材料科学的角度对长江中游地区战国晚期古墓中出土的青铜箭镞的锈蚀现象和锈蚀机理进行了全面的研究和分析，以期为古代青铜器的保护提供更准确的信息和资料。结果表明，青铜箭镞的组织结构可分为完全矿化层、过渡层和心部原始材料等三个特征层，不同特征层具有不同的显微组织、化学成分、致密性，以及显微硬度等；并沿横截面观察和分析了锈蚀层中的微裂纹的性质和产生原因，即，平行于表面的裂纹是由矿化层氧化物膨胀引起的剥离开裂，其进一步发展将形成“粉状锈”，而垂直于表面呈放射状的裂纹是当圆柱形箭镞杆膨胀时，矿化层的塑性差，抗变形能力低而产生的开裂；锈蚀机理研究认为青铜器的锈蚀过程是环境中杂质元素通过过渡层沿界面能较高的α固溶体和（α＋δ）共析体晶界或孔隙等缺陷逐步向内部扩散的结果。
청동전족시고대제조량최대、일차성사용적병기，여요구심고적청동검화청동례악기등상비，재선재화표면처리등방면유흔대적불동，기수식과정최능반영재료재경과수천년후소산생변화。장강중하유지구배경조습，매장조건복잡，본연구이용소묘전자현미경（SEM）、능보의（EDS）、X-사선연사의（XRD）、현미경도등분석측시기술，종재료과학적각도대장강중유지구전국만기고묘중출토적청동전족적수식현상화수식궤리진행료전면적연구화분석，이기위고대청동기적보호제공경준학적신식화자료。결과표명，청동전족적조직결구가분위완전광화층、과도층화심부원시재료등삼개특정층，불동특정층구유불동적현미조직、화학성분、치밀성，이급현미경도등；병연횡절면관찰화분석료수식층중적미렬문적성질화산생원인，즉，평행우표면적렬문시유광화층양화물팽창인기적박리개렬，기진일보발전장형성“분상수”，이수직우표면정방사상적렬문시당원주형전족간팽창시，광화층적소성차，항변형능력저이산생적개렬；수식궤리연구인위청동기적수식과정시배경중잡질원소통과과도층연계면능교고적α고용체화（α＋δ）공석체정계혹공극등결함축보향내부확산적결과。
In the Chinese ancient times around 200 B. C. ,bronze arrow was a kind of weapons in mass manufacturing and one - off use. Comparing to the strict demanded bronze sward and ritual vessel - Ding,the low performance bronze arrows exhibited a great difference in material selection and surface treatment. Therefore, the rust - eaten process of the arrows will really represent a variation of the materials after several thousand years, especially, in the complicated environments in the middle Yangtse River region. This paper studies the rust - eaten phenomenon and mechanism of the bronze arrows made in late Spring - Autumn age by using scanning electron microscopic （ SEM）, energy - disperse spectrometer （EDS）, X- ray diffraction （XRD） and microhardness tester. It was found that the microstructures of bronze arrows were composed of three distinctive layers including a completely mineralized layer, transition layer and core original material. Different layers exhibited different microstructures, chemical compositions, compatibility and microhardness. The formation mechanism of the micro - cracks in the cross - section rust - eaten layer was firstly observed and analyzed,i, e. ,the crack paralleling to the surface was caused due to expanse disbonding in the mineralized layer which would further develop into a ＂rust powder＂ ,while the radial crack perpendicular to the surface was due to the arrow rod expansion in the poor ductility mineralized layer. It is considered that the rust - eaten process of bronze is the result of impurity diffusion gradually along the grain boundaries between α solid solution and α ＋ δ eutectoid grains, cavities and other defects where possess higher boundary energy in atmospheric environment.