CAJ | 학술논문

明代官员敢言之风盛行，在传统“五谏”说的基础上，明代官员主要采取婉言讽谏、敢言直谏、犯颜强谏的方式进谏。其中，官员在婉言讽谏时，又往往借灾异、古训、先贤、祖制、史官以及自劾不职等方式进行。明代官员的进谏实践，进一步丰富了中国古代的进谏理论。与前代相比，群体性的直谏、强谏成为明代官员进谏的显著特点。明代虽谏无专官，由言官掌言责，但进谏的官员不限于言官，层面广泛，进谏风气浓厚，且传统的进谏戒律多被打破。明代官员的进谏模式及其特色，从一个侧面说明了明代文官集团的成长，以及士大夫为维持士人政治所进行的抗争和努力。但进谏官员多下场悲惨，反映了士大夫政治在膨胀皇权的挤压下日薄西山的态势。从历史的发展来看，明代官员在进谏方面的努力，可视为中国古代士人政治的挽歌。
명대관원감언지풍성행，재전통“오간”설적기출상，명대관원주요채취완언풍간、감언직간、범안강간적방식진간。기중，관원재완언풍간시，우왕왕차재이、고훈、선현、조제、사관이급자핵불직등방식진행。명대관원적진간실천，진일보봉부료중국고대적진간이론。여전대상비，군체성적직간、강간성위명대관원진간적현저특점。명대수간무전관，유언관장언책，단진간적관원불한우언관，층면엄범，진간풍기농후，차전통적진간계률다피타파。명대관원적진간모식급기특색，종일개측면설명료명대문관집단적성장，이급사대부위유지사인정치소진행적항쟁화노력。단진간관원다하장비참，반영료사대부정치재팽창황권적제압하일박서산적태세。종역사적발전래간，명대관원재진간방면적노력，가시위중국고대사인정치적만가。
The officials were famous for their admonition in the Ming Dynasty. When they expostulated with emperor, many skills were used such as depending on disaster, old maxim, sage, ancesteors＇ system, etc. The admonishing practice of many officials enriched the admonition theory in ancient China. Comparing with the former Dynasty, the remarkable characteristic was group admonition in the Ming Dynasty. The offieals could expostulate not only supervisors but also other officials. Many traditional discipline were broken. It could be concluded that the offical group was growing up and they struggled for bachelor politics. From the model and characteristic of offieals＇ admonition in the Ming Dynasty. However, the tragic destiny of these offieals reflected the situation that the bachelor politics was declining gradually. From the point of view of history development, the efforts in admonition reflected a factor that the bachelor politics was winding up.