CAJ | 학술논문

西辽河流域地处北纬41—45度、东经118—124度，包括由西辽河干流以及西拉木伦河、老哈河、教来河等主要支流汇成的区域，此外乌尔吉木伦河在特大洪水期也能进入西辽河，基于这一原因，人们也将这里视为西辽河流域。西辽河流域属于中国北方生态脆弱地带，史前时期这里不仅经历着大暖期至大暖期结束气候转冷的全球变化过程，而且先后出现了兴隆洼、赵宝沟、红山、富河、小河沿、夏家店下层、夏家店上层等考古学文化。以聚落为基础，存在于各考古学文化间环境适应方式的异同，不仅取决于人类生存方式，也与全球气候变化直接关联，因此，通过聚落选址与人类活动方式获取环境信息成为本文重要思考与研究的内容。有关这些问题的研究，学术界已取得很多成果，对笔者具有重要启示。本文拟重点探讨史前时期西辽河流域聚落的环境选择与人地关系。
서료하류역지처북위41—45도、동경118—124도，포괄유서료하간류이급서랍목륜하、로합하、교래하등주요지류회성적구역，차외오이길목륜하재특대홍수기야능진입서료하，기우저일원인，인문야장저리시위서료하류역。서료하류역속우중국북방생태취약지대，사전시기저리불부경력착대난기지대난기결속기후전랭적전구변화과정，이차선후출현료흥륭와、조보구、홍산、부하、소하연、하가점하층、하가점상층등고고학문화。이취락위기출，존재우각고고학문화간배경괄응방식적이동，불부취결우인류생존방식，야여전구기후변화직접관련，인차，통과취락선지여인류활동방식획취배경신식성위본문중요사고여연구적내용。유관저사문제적연구，학술계이취득흔다성과，대필자구유중요계시。본문의중점탐토사전시기서료하류역취락적배경선택여인지관계。
The settlement is a product of the man-land relationship, and the selection of places for building settlements must satisfy the demand of human survival. In the Xinglongwa and Zhaobaogou cultures （a. 8000--6000 BP）, people made a living mainly by gathering, fishing and hunting, and their settlements were located within the boundary of timberland suitable to those economic activities. Investigation shows that these settlements were largely concentrated on hill-slopes at a height of 400--600 m above sea level, while the mountain summits and river valleys beyond the limits played a part in this respect only during certain periods. Meanwhile, the West Liaohe River valley was one of the birthplaces of civilization. In the Hongshan and Upper Xiajiadian cultures （a. 6000--3000 BP）, the weather was becoming cold and dry, primitive agriculture increased its proportion in the means of subsistence, and the population grew step by step, all of which caused the distribution of settlements to be expanded from timberland to lower grassland. In the Hongshan culture,farming began to play the leading role, whereas by the Upper Xiajiadian period, it had been supplemented by animal husbandry. Every change in the mode of man~s getting food was embodied in the relationship between the settlement and the environment： Gathering, fishing and hunting were entirely dependent on natural environment; the agriculture＇ s joining in decreased man＇s dependence on the natural world; and the breakthrough in the selection of the environment of settlements by expanding living space from timberland was just a result of promotion by agricultural production. Both the duration of settlement function and the alteration of settlement culture prove that the man-land relationship in the prehistoric West Liaohe River valley was kept in a state of relative balance. Either gathering, fishing and hunting in the Xinglongwa and Zhaobaogou cultures or agricultural production from the Hongshan period did not break through the environmental content of this region. The gathering, fishing and hunting economy of the Xinglongwa and Zhaobaogou periods made the functioning duration of settlements shorter than that in the Hongshan period and after when agriculture had held the leading position in economy. This suggests that, as exploiting economy and productive one were different in the rate of dependence on natural environment, with the settlement as the base, man＇s influence on environment was varied in time scale.