CAJ | 학술논문

九十年前，自“德先生”、“赛先生”进入中国以后，“民主与科学”一直是中国知识分子理解现代性的主要标志。但正如一些研究者所指出的那样，由此所导致的“唯科学主义”也深刻地制约了中国现代思想的开展；实际上，以客观、透明、形式化的“科学”观念形成的“民主主义”观念，更左右了中国政治的现代性道路。“民主主义”理论在现代的兴起，除了“古典共和主义”衰落的背景，卢梭的《社会契约论》是一个关键。然而，人们往往只注意《社会契约论》中“人民主权”原则，而置“公民宗教”原则于不顾，这在晚清以来中国“民主”观念的形成过程中同样如此。“五四”期间，这一逻辑在康有为、陈独秀之间有关宪政、民主与孔教为中心的辩论中达到高潮：“民主”仅仅成为与“民选总统”、“议会”等与“专制”对立的政治议题，而完全抑制和取消了它所包含的注重“权利平衡”以及公民德性养成的“共和”观念。
구십년전，자“덕선생”、“새선생”진입중국이후，“민주여과학”일직시중국지식분자리해현대성적주요표지。단정여일사연구자소지출적나양，유차소도치적“유과학주의”야심각지제약료중국현대사상적개전；실제상，이객관、투명、형식화적“과학”관념형성적“민주주의”관념，경좌우료중국정치적현대성도로。“민주주의”이론재현대적흥기，제료“고전공화주의”쇠락적배경，로사적《사회계약론》시일개관건。연이，인문왕왕지주의《사회계약론》중“인민주권”원칙，이치“공민종교”원칙우불고，저재만청이래중국“민주”관념적형성과정중동양여차。“오사”기간，저일라집재강유위、진독수지간유관헌정、민주여공교위중심적변론중체도고조：“민주”부부성위여“민선총통”、“의회”등여“전제”대립적정치의제，이완전억제화취소료타소포함적주중“권리평형”이급공민덕성양성적“공화”관념。
Ever since Chen Duxiu made Mr. Democracy and Mr. Science the keywords of the New Culture Movement 90 years ago, democracy and science have been an essential part of Chinese intellectuals＇ idea of modernity. As many scholars have pointed out, scientism is a trend in modern Chinese thought ; in fact, ＂democraticism＂ based on an objective, transparent, formalized ＂scientific＂ imagination, profoundly limited the Chinese political path. In this paper, I revisit the historical process of making republicanism equivalent to democratism from late Qing to May 4th era. It examines the special meaning of democracy, and reveals the mechanism of the Chinese idea of democracy under the fierce opposition of ＂Revolution School＂ and ＂Constitutional Group＂. Focusing on the debate of ＂Constitution ＆ Confucianism＂ between Kang Youwei and Chen Duxiu, this study checks the limits of Chinese democracy and the plight of Chinese constitutional republicanism. It pinpoints the worship of democracy reinforced by the May 4th Movement up through the present, and re-evaluation the significance of democracy today.