CAJ | 학술논문

以延迟和相对延迟时间贴现的实验范式,用选择法、匹配法确定价值主观相等点,探讨时间贴现的分段性。三个实验和一个问卷调查发现,时间贴现具有分段性。被试的时间贴现有三次显著变化,表现为三个时段时间贴现心理状态的不同：从现在到未来2周内规避损失、偏好风险、愿意短期等待,从未来2周起直到未来10年采取非补偿性策略、需求与风险并重、愿意长期等待,和从未来10年起直到未来50年规避风险、聊胜于无、不愿意等待。
이연지화상대연지시간첩현적실험범식,용선택법、필배법학정개치주관상등점,탐토시간첩현적분단성。삼개실험화일개문권조사발현,시간첩현구유분단성。피시적시간첩현유삼차현저변화,표현위삼개시단시간첩현심리상태적불동：종현재도미래2주내규피손실、편호풍험、원의단기등대,종미래2주기직도미래10년채취비보상성책략、수구여풍험병중、원의장기등대,화종미래10년기직도미래50년규피풍험、료성우무、불원의등대。
Temporal discounting is the psychological phenomenon that the value of future rewards is discounted with time to their receipt. The popular method to investigate temporal discounting is asking subjects to determine the indifferent point, using ＂choice＂ or ＂matching＂ method under the delay and interval experimental paradigms（Tversky, Sattath, Slovic, 1988; Read Roelofsma, 2003）. It is found that as the temporal distance between the event and its reward increases, the subjective value of the reward decreases, and the discounted speed also slow down （Green Myerson, 1996; Cajueiro, 2006; Rubinstein, 2003）. It means the time intervals between sooner and delayed rewards are the same in the two intertemporal choice problems. Most people prefer later rewards in the distant future but prefer sooner rewards when the times of receiving the two delayed rewards approach to the near future, even if the time intervals between the two options were unchanged. It suggests that the temporal background we set for the same time interval is more important than we thought. That is proved by some researches using interval experimental paradigms （Read, 2003; Scholten Read, 2006）. So it’s necessary for us to look into the mental construction of temporal background in temporal discounting, the difference among the differently future distance. The psychologically mechanistic research of temporal discounting focused on figuring out which area of the brain is associated with immediate and delayed reward （McClure, Laibson, Loewenstein, Cohen, 2004; Wittmann, Leland, Paulus, 2007; Berns, Laibson, Loewnstein, 2007; Sanfey, Loewenstein, McClure, Cohen, 2006）, however, these researches didn’t reach to the evaluation of reward which occurs in differently future distance. The previous research found that the mental future time can be sectioned into three parts, and the psychological construction of future time is staged （Huang, 1994）. Therefore, it is reasonable to predict that the psychological construction of temporal discounting is also staged. Using the unit area under curve of the temporal discounting ratio as the main indicator to display how fast the subjective value of rewards changes as delay time, three experiments and one questionnaire survey were designed to discuss the staged construction of temporal discounting, selecting college students and teachers from primary and middle schools as subjects respectively. College students were asked to answer the questionnaire concerned with why they had such choice between different amounts of reward received at differently delay time. The result demonstrated that subjects thought about temporal discounting based upon the expectancy of their own future life. The delay time is divided into three stages in mental construction： because of loss aversion and risk seeking, subjects are willing to have short wait for the rewards which will be received within two weeks. Even if the range which the rewards will be received is from future two weeks to future ten years, focusing on requirement and risk, they are also willing to have long wait under the compensatory strategy. But because of risk aversion, they are not willing to wait for the rewards which will be received in the range from future ten years to future fifty years. In the three stages it is found the second stage in temporal discounting is more impressionable to several factors, like methods to determine the indifferent point, the experimental paradigms and the source of subjects.