中国人口资源与环境
中國人口資源與環境
중국인구자원여배경
China Polulation.Resources and Environment
2010年
10期
48~54
,共null页
公众参与 监督 环境治理 P—S-A三层委托代理模型
公衆參與 鑑督 環境治理 P—S-A三層委託代理模型
공음삼여 감독 배경치리 P—S-A삼층위탁대리모형
public participation; supervision; environmental governance; P-S-A three-tier model
公众参与是我国环境治理中的热门话题,尤其是近年来环保事故频出和极端天气频现后,社会各界对公众参与寄予厚望,因此对公众参与环境治理效果的研究具有适时性和重要性.本文基于新制度经济学中有关监督和激励理论,对公众参与环境治理构建了P-S-A（委托人政府;监察者公众;代理人企业）三层委托代理分析模型,对我国环境治理中没有公众参与、公众事后参与、公众事前参与和赋予公众环境损害赔偿权等不同参与模式的治理效果进行了对比分析.研究结果表明：灵活的激励制度和治理技术水平的提升是提高环境治理效能的必要条件;公众事后对企业实施低技术类型的监督,如举报企业偷排漏排行为等,反而会产生对政府监督的挤出效应,最终社会整体的环境治理效果不一定最佳;公众事前参与对企业或项目环境决策实施高技术类型的监督,如公众参与环评等举措,则会更有效地提高社会整体环境治理效果;而赋予公众环境损害索赔权,则是改变目前我国环境＂软治理＂约束的根本性举措.
公衆參與是我國環境治理中的熱門話題,尤其是近年來環保事故頻齣和極耑天氣頻現後,社會各界對公衆參與寄予厚望,因此對公衆參與環境治理效果的研究具有適時性和重要性.本文基于新製度經濟學中有關鑑督和激勵理論,對公衆參與環境治理構建瞭P-S-A（委託人政府;鑑察者公衆;代理人企業）三層委託代理分析模型,對我國環境治理中沒有公衆參與、公衆事後參與、公衆事前參與和賦予公衆環境損害賠償權等不同參與模式的治理效果進行瞭對比分析.研究結果錶明：靈活的激勵製度和治理技術水平的提升是提高環境治理效能的必要條件;公衆事後對企業實施低技術類型的鑑督,如舉報企業偷排漏排行為等,反而會產生對政府鑑督的擠齣效應,最終社會整體的環境治理效果不一定最佳;公衆事前參與對企業或項目環境決策實施高技術類型的鑑督,如公衆參與環評等舉措,則會更有效地提高社會整體環境治理效果;而賦予公衆環境損害索賠權,則是改變目前我國環境＂軟治理＂約束的根本性舉措.
공음삼여시아국배경치리중적열문화제,우기시근년래배보사고빈출화겁단천기빈현후,사회각계대공음삼여기여후망,인차대공음삼여배경치리효과적연구구유괄시성화중요성.본문기우신제도경제학중유관감독화격려이론,대공음삼여배경치리구건료P-S-A（위탁인정부;감찰자공음;대리인기업）삼층위탁대리분석모형,대아국배경치리중몰유공음삼여、공음사후삼여、공음사전삼여화부여공음배경손해배상권등불동삼여모식적치리효과진행료대비분석.연구결과표명：령활적격려제도화치리기술수평적제승시제고배경치리효능적필요조건;공음사후대기업실시저기술류형적감독,여거보기업투배루배행위등,반이회산생대정부감독적제출효응,최종사회정체적배경치리효과불일정최가;공음사전삼여대기업혹항목배경결책실시고기술류형적감독,여공음삼여배평등거조,칙회경유효지제고사회정체배경치리효과;이부여공음배경손해색배권,칙시개변목전아국배경＂연치리＂약속적근본성거조.
In China, public participation has become a popular subject in environmental governance area. Stakeholders put more hope on public participation particularly in recent years when environmental accidents and extreme weather events took place more frequently. Consequently, it is a timely and important issue to study the effectiveness of public participation in environmental governance. Based on the supervision and incentive theories of New Institutional Economies, a P-S-A three-tier model was built in this paper where P represented principal （the Government）, S represented supervisor （the Public）, and A represented agency （the Enterprises）. The paper examined and compared the govemance results in various scenarios： no public participation, Iow-type-tech supervising, high-type-teeh supervising,, and public participation with the rights to claim damage. The following conclusions were drawn in the end： flexible incentive arrangement and governance skills are necessary conditions; Iow-type-tech supervising such as reporting corporate allegations of illegal en~ission would have crowding-out effects on government supervision which may lead to a not-so-good result for the society as a whole; high-type-tech supervising on companies or projects, such as public participation in environmental impact assessment, can effectively improve environmental governance performance; finally, giving general public the rights to claim environmental damage is a fundamental way to change the current situation of ＂soft constrain＂.
