中国人口资源与环境
中國人口資源與環境
중국인구자원여배경
China Polulation.Resources and Environment
2011年
10期
91~95
,共null页
森林转型 农地边际化 劳动力
森林轉型 農地邊際化 勞動力
삼림전형 농지변제화 노동력
Forest transition; Agricultural land marginalization; Labor force
中国20世纪80年代迎来了国家土地利用形态的转型，即代表自然生态空间的森林面积降至低谷后反转向上，代表人类干扰较强的耕地面积从扩张到收缩。这是生态状况从整体恶化向整体改善转变的最直接原因。森林转型对应着国家经济社会发展的阶段性演进过程，存在着必然性。其直接原因，是农林交错带的农业在与森林竞争±地资源的过程中失去优势。伴随工业化和城市化的劳动力价格上升，生活水平提高带来的林木产品需求增加。是森林竞争力提高和农业竞争力下降的经济驱动力；而转型前农业扩张引起的生态退化，则是其政策驱动力。在中国森林转型初期，政策起到了关键的促进作用。随着城市化的加速发展，人口年龄结构向老年型转变，中国迎来了劳动力工资持续上涨的阶段。以坡耕地为代表的劳动力密集型农地利用方式，由于难以实现机械化。劳动生产率与平原区农业的差距将越来越大．被“边际化”的可能性越来越高。这给森林面积或自然生态空间的进一步扩张提供了机会。
中國20世紀80年代迎來瞭國傢土地利用形態的轉型，即代錶自然生態空間的森林麵積降至低穀後反轉嚮上，代錶人類榦擾較彊的耕地麵積從擴張到收縮。這是生態狀況從整體噁化嚮整體改善轉變的最直接原因。森林轉型對應著國傢經濟社會髮展的階段性縯進過程，存在著必然性。其直接原因，是農林交錯帶的農業在與森林競爭±地資源的過程中失去優勢。伴隨工業化和城市化的勞動力價格上升，生活水平提高帶來的林木產品需求增加。是森林競爭力提高和農業競爭力下降的經濟驅動力；而轉型前農業擴張引起的生態退化，則是其政策驅動力。在中國森林轉型初期，政策起到瞭關鍵的促進作用。隨著城市化的加速髮展，人口年齡結構嚮老年型轉變，中國迎來瞭勞動力工資持續上漲的階段。以坡耕地為代錶的勞動力密集型農地利用方式，由于難以實現機械化。勞動生產率與平原區農業的差距將越來越大．被“邊際化”的可能性越來越高。這給森林麵積或自然生態空間的進一步擴張提供瞭機會。
중국20세기80년대영래료국가토지이용형태적전형，즉대표자연생태공간적삼림면적강지저곡후반전향상，대표인류간우교강적경지면적종확장도수축。저시생태상황종정체악화향정체개선전변적최직접원인。삼림전형대응착국가경제사회발전적계단성연진과정，존재착필연성。기직접원인，시농림교착대적농업재여삼림경쟁±지자원적과정중실거우세。반수공업화화성시화적노동력개격상승，생활수평제고대래적림목산품수구증가。시삼림경쟁력제고화농업경쟁력하강적경제구동력；이전형전농업확장인기적생태퇴화，칙시기정책구동력。재중국삼림전형초기，정책기도료관건적촉진작용。수착성시화적가속발전，인구년령결구향노년형전변，중국영래료노동력공자지속상창적계단。이파경지위대표적노동력밀집형농지이용방식，유우난이실현궤계화。노동생산솔여평원구농업적차거장월래월대．피“변제화”적가능성월래월고。저급삼림면적혹자연생태공간적진일보확장제공료궤회。
China ushered in the transition of its national land use morphology in the 1980s. Such a transition indicates that the space of nature represented by forest area down to a trough reversed upward, while the intensively-used space represented by cropland, from expansion to contraction. It is one of the most direct causes of the change in ecological state of the country from the overall deterioration to the overall improvement. Forest transition corresponds to the evolution stage of national economic and social development process. Its direct reason is that agriculture loses out in the competition with forestry for land resources in the ecotone between forest and cropland. The rising labor costs with industrialization and urbanization and the increasing demand for forest products with the improved living standards enhance the competitiveness of forestry to agriculture, while pre-transition ecological degradation caused by agricultural expansion triggers the implementation of the governmental policies favored forestry. Governmental policies played a key role in the early stages of China＇s forest transition. With the accelerated development of urbanization and aged society, China ushered in the continuously rising stage of labor wages. Slopeland cropping would tend to be ＂marginalized＂ because it is not easy in mechanization compared to the agriculture in plain area. This gives room for the further expansion of forest area or natural space.
