CAJ | 학술논문

以文书御天下是传统中国政治运作的重要特点之一，文书的变化经常与政治的变化相适应。堂帖是适应中晚唐政治变化而出现的宰相独立处理政务的文书类型，历经五代、两宋，堂帖也经历了向中书札子、省札的演变。这种演变凸显了君相权力之争以及君主权力对日常行政事务的日益渗透；但经由对这些文书实际运作的考察，我们也发现以宰相为首的官僚体制依然具有较为充分的权力运作空间，使得君主实际上难以实现对政治权力的全面控制。
이문서어천하시전통중국정치운작적중요특점지일，문서적변화경상여정치적변화상괄응。당첩시괄응중만당정치변화이출현적재상독립처리정무적문서류형，력경오대、량송，당첩야경력료향중서찰자、성찰적연변。저충연변철현료군상권력지쟁이급군주권력대일상행정사무적일익삼투；단경유대저사문서실제운작적고찰，아문야발현이재상위수적관료체제의연구유교위충분적권력운작공간，사득군주실제상난이실현대정치권력적전면공제。
To rule the country by official documents was one of the important features of the traditional Chinese political operation. The change of official documents was often in conformity with the political change. Tangtie （堂帖） was a type of official document by prime ministers in their independent administrative operation, which was in conformity with the political change in the middle and late Tang Dynasty. This paper describes the evolutional process of the official documents by prime ministers from Tangtie in the Tang Dynasty to Zhazi（札子） in the Northern Song Dynasty, and then to Shengzha（省札）in the Southern Song Dynasty. This evolution reflected the struggle between emperors and their prime ministers for power and the penetration of monarchical power into the routine administrative affairs. By analyzing the actual operation of these different official documents, we also find that the bureaucratic system headed by prime ministers still had plenty of room for their manipulation of power, which made it difficult for emperors to realize their overall control of political