学术月刊
學術月刊
학술월간
Academic Monthly
2012年
4期
129~139
,共null页
明清时期 乡族自治 清末新政 闽西客家 家族组织 族谱
明清時期 鄉族自治 清末新政 閩西客傢 傢族組織 族譜
명청시기 향족자치 청말신정 민서객가 가족조직 족보
Ming and Qing, local-lineage autonomy, New Deal in Late Qing, Hakka in western Hok- kien, lineage organization, genealogy
在中国传统社会中，实行以家族组织为基础的乡族自治，曾经是许多政治家和思想家的社会理想。在不同的时代与不同的地区，由于客观历史条件的限制，乡族自治的形式与内容不尽相同。所谓乡族自治，是指在国家法律和官府授权之下，对乡族事务实行自我管理；在聚族而居的社会环境中，乡族自治主要表现为家族自治。解读福建省长汀县培田吴氏家族的族谱资料，可以发现闽西客家的乡族自治传统，与晚清地方自治有历史渊源。培田吴氏的家训、家法与族规，体现了家族自治的理想模式。培田吴氏的各大支派和社团组织，对乡族公共事务和公益事业实行了有效的管理。清末新政期间成立的“培田公益社”，取代了乡约的行政职能，实现了从家族自治向地方自治的历史转型。
在中國傳統社會中，實行以傢族組織為基礎的鄉族自治，曾經是許多政治傢和思想傢的社會理想。在不同的時代與不同的地區，由于客觀歷史條件的限製，鄉族自治的形式與內容不儘相同。所謂鄉族自治，是指在國傢法律和官府授權之下，對鄉族事務實行自我管理；在聚族而居的社會環境中，鄉族自治主要錶現為傢族自治。解讀福建省長汀縣培田吳氏傢族的族譜資料，可以髮現閩西客傢的鄉族自治傳統，與晚清地方自治有歷史淵源。培田吳氏的傢訓、傢法與族規，體現瞭傢族自治的理想模式。培田吳氏的各大支派和社糰組織，對鄉族公共事務和公益事業實行瞭有效的管理。清末新政期間成立的“培田公益社”，取代瞭鄉約的行政職能，實現瞭從傢族自治嚮地方自治的歷史轉型。
재중국전통사회중，실행이가족조직위기출적향족자치，증경시허다정치가화사상가적사회이상。재불동적시대여불동적지구，유우객관역사조건적한제，향족자치적형식여내용불진상동。소위향족자치，시지재국가법률화관부수권지하，대향족사무실행자아관리；재취족이거적사회배경중，향족자치주요표현위가족자치。해독복건성장정현배전오씨가족적족보자료，가이발현민서객가적향족자치전통，여만청지방자치유역사연원。배전오씨적가훈、가법여족규，체현료가족자치적이상모식。배전오씨적각대지파화사단조직，대향족공공사무화공익사업실행료유효적관리。청말신정기간성립적“배전공익사”，취대료향약적행정직능，실현료종가족자치향지방자치적역사전형。
In order to better understand the historical origin of local lineage autonomy（乡族）in Late Qing, this article, largely based on The Genealogies of the Wu Lineage in Peitian, Changting County, investigates the tradition of local-lineage autonomy among the Hakka in this area of western Hokkien. Although many statesmen and intellectuals, beginning in the Northern Song, attempted to carry out ＂local-lineage＂ autonomy based on the lineage structure, this article argues that the form of such autonomy was quite variegated and depended on the specific historical conditions. Therefore, empirical and comparative studies are needed to understand how such local autonomy was actually carried out. The Wu lineage, which had lived together for a long time, achieved local-lineage autonomy largely through relying on the lineage structure. Within the confines of the national law and governing authorities, the Wu lineage tried to manage lineage affairs through family instructions, family discipline, and lineage regulations. The Wu lineage~s success represents an ideal model of lineage autonomy. The branches and associations of the Wu lineage possessed wealth and effectively managed communal affairs and public welfare. For example, the Peitian Public Welfare Association, established during the New Deal period of Late Qing, replaced the administrative functions of the communal compacts and reflected the historical transformation from lineage autonomy to local autonomy.
