心理科学
心理科學
심이과학
Psychological Science
2012年
3期
514~521
,共null页
心理测验 中国心理测验 中国心理学发展
心理測驗 中國心理測驗 中國心理學髮展
심리측험 중국심리측험 중국심이학발전
Psychological testing, Chinese psychological testing, Development of psychology in China
有关心理测量的思想起源于中国古代。但西方科学的心理测验理论与方法是20世纪初自西方传人中国的。30年的发展取得很大成绩，但道路艰辛曲折，文章分三个阶段对之作了回顾。一、最早是1915年外国学者为比较中美儿童的智力差异对广州500名小学生进行测试。同一时期，我国学者也开始自己编制测验，“小学生毛笔书法量表”是最早的标准化教育测验。廖世承和陈鹤琴1920年在南京高等师范开设测验课程，出版《心理测验法》一书，正式介绍科学的心理测验。与美国专家合作编制多种测验，1923年与美国专家合作对全国小学生进行测试，得出了三至八年级学童的年龄与班级常模，引起了教育界的注意。艾伟从1925年起致力编制中小学不同年级和学科的测验以及能力测验，还与张耀翔编制了识字测验与阅读测验等，对我国教育测验的发展做出_『很大贡献。“中国测验学会”1931成立。并创办会刊《测验》有效地推动了当时测验研究的开展．1937年“七七”事变后，工作继续进行和扩展，但受战争的影响，发展上减慢了速度。二、1949年新中国成立后，由于政治上的变迁，心理测验被视为禁区，认为它违心，反动，没有人敢于问津。文化大革命中，心理学被打成伪科学，心理测验更是全盘否定了。三．文革以后，心理学恢复。而心理测验面对着既缺人力又少资料的困难。林传鼎等三位教授于1980年春举办了第一个全国性心理测验培训班，是心理测验再生的标志。此后各高等院校逐步开设心理测量学课程。通过引进各种心理测量理论，修订外国测验和逐步向自编我国测验发展，几年中取得了良好效果。1984年中国心理学会下属的‘心理测量分会’成立，1990年加入国际测验委员会（ITC）成为它的一个国家会员。1991年在南京举办了国内第一个心理测验国际性学术会议，又与台湾学者交流，建立起隔年一次海峡两岸心理与教育测量学术研讨会的协议。这些都对中国心理测验的发展都起了积极作用。80年代后期国家实行改革开放，经济转型，心理测验逐渐渗入医学、教育、企业、和组织人事部门等多种应用领域，扩大了对社会的影响。教育是其最早也是最重要的应用领域。从高考开始向各种考试、应用领域广泛扩展，取得良好效果。尤其是在人力资源、心理咨询领域，心理测验发展迅速日益兴旺。社会各界从多方面加深了对心理测量的认同，使它变成为一个相当热门的应用科学了。最后，文章从测验的数量、质量，数据处理的方法技术，测验者素质提高和法律完备等几个方面分析了存在问题并提出对今后的展望。
有關心理測量的思想起源于中國古代。但西方科學的心理測驗理論與方法是20世紀初自西方傳人中國的。30年的髮展取得很大成績，但道路艱辛麯摺，文章分三箇階段對之作瞭迴顧。一、最早是1915年外國學者為比較中美兒童的智力差異對廣州500名小學生進行測試。同一時期，我國學者也開始自己編製測驗，“小學生毛筆書法量錶”是最早的標準化教育測驗。廖世承和陳鶴琴1920年在南京高等師範開設測驗課程，齣版《心理測驗法》一書，正式介紹科學的心理測驗。與美國專傢閤作編製多種測驗，1923年與美國專傢閤作對全國小學生進行測試，得齣瞭三至八年級學童的年齡與班級常模，引起瞭教育界的註意。艾偉從1925年起緻力編製中小學不同年級和學科的測驗以及能力測驗，還與張耀翔編製瞭識字測驗與閱讀測驗等，對我國教育測驗的髮展做齣_『很大貢獻。“中國測驗學會”1931成立。併創辦會刊《測驗》有效地推動瞭噹時測驗研究的開展．1937年“七七”事變後，工作繼續進行和擴展，但受戰爭的影響，髮展上減慢瞭速度。二、1949年新中國成立後，由于政治上的變遷，心理測驗被視為禁區，認為它違心，反動，沒有人敢于問津。文化大革命中，心理學被打成偽科學，心理測驗更是全盤否定瞭。三．文革以後，心理學恢複。而心理測驗麵對著既缺人力又少資料的睏難。林傳鼎等三位教授于1980年春舉辦瞭第一箇全國性心理測驗培訓班，是心理測驗再生的標誌。此後各高等院校逐步開設心理測量學課程。通過引進各種心理測量理論，脩訂外國測驗和逐步嚮自編我國測驗髮展，幾年中取得瞭良好效果。1984年中國心理學會下屬的‘心理測量分會’成立，1990年加入國際測驗委員會（ITC）成為它的一箇國傢會員。1991年在南京舉辦瞭國內第一箇心理測驗國際性學術會議，又與檯灣學者交流，建立起隔年一次海峽兩岸心理與教育測量學術研討會的協議。這些都對中國心理測驗的髮展都起瞭積極作用。80年代後期國傢實行改革開放，經濟轉型，心理測驗逐漸滲入醫學、教育、企業、和組織人事部門等多種應用領域，擴大瞭對社會的影響。教育是其最早也是最重要的應用領域。從高攷開始嚮各種攷試、應用領域廣汎擴展，取得良好效果。尤其是在人力資源、心理咨詢領域，心理測驗髮展迅速日益興旺。社會各界從多方麵加深瞭對心理測量的認同，使它變成為一箇相噹熱門的應用科學瞭。最後，文章從測驗的數量、質量，數據處理的方法技術，測驗者素質提高和法律完備等幾箇方麵分析瞭存在問題併提齣對今後的展望。
유관심리측량적사상기원우중국고대。단서방과학적심리측험이론여방법시20세기초자서방전인중국적。30년적발전취득흔대성적，단도로간신곡절，문장분삼개계단대지작료회고。일、최조시1915년외국학자위비교중미인동적지력차이대엄주500명소학생진행측시。동일시기，아국학자야개시자기편제측험，“소학생모필서법량표”시최조적표준화교육측험。료세승화진학금1920년재남경고등사범개설측험과정，출판《심리측험법》일서，정식개소과학적심리측험。여미국전가합작편제다충측험，1923년여미국전가합작대전국소학생진행측시，득출료삼지팔년급학동적년령여반급상모，인기료교육계적주의。애위종1925년기치력편제중소학불동년급화학과적측험이급능력측험，환여장요상편제료식자측험여열독측험등，대아국교육측험적발전주출_『흔대공헌。“중국측험학회”1931성립。병창판회간《측험》유효지추동료당시측험연구적개전．1937년“칠칠”사변후，공작계속진행화확전，단수전쟁적영향，발전상감만료속도。이、1949년신중국성립후，유우정치상적변천，심리측험피시위금구，인위타위심，반동，몰유인감우문진。문화대혁명중，심이학피타성위과학，심리측험경시전반부정료。삼．문혁이후，심이학회복。이심리측험면대착기결인력우소자료적곤난。림전정등삼위교수우1980년춘거판료제일개전국성심리측험배훈반，시심리측험재생적표지。차후각고등원교축보개설심리측량학과정。통과인진각충심리측량이론，수정외국측험화축보향자편아국측험발전，궤년중취득료량호효과。1984년중국심이학회하속적‘심리측량분회’성립，1990년가입국제측험위원회（ITC）성위타적일개국가회원。1991년재남경거판료국내제일개심리측험국제성학술회의，우여태만학자교류，건립기격년일차해협량안심리여교육측량학술연토회적협의。저사도대중국심리측험적발전도기료적겁작용。80년대후기국가실행개혁개방，경제전형，심리측험축점삼입의학、교육、기업、화조직인사부문등다충응용영역，확대료대사회적영향。교육시기최조야시최중요적응용영역。종고고개시향각충고시、응용영역엄범확전，취득량호효과。우기시재인력자원、심리자순영역，심리측험발전신속일익흥왕。사회각계종다방면가심료대심리측량적인동，사타변성위일개상당열문적응용과학료。최후，문장종측험적수량、질량，수거처리적방법기술，측험자소질제고화법률완비등궤개방면분석료존재문제병제출대금후적전망。
While the thought of mental testing originated from ancient China, the science of Psychological Testing was first introduced into China during the first two decades of the 20th century when the first group of students who studied abroad returned. Looking back on its history, we can see the course of Psychological Testing development is quite tortuous. It can be divided into three periods. The first psychological test took place in 1915 in Guangzhou, where a foreign scholar tested 500 elementary students in order to compare the intellectual difference between Chinese and American children. At the same time, Chinese scholars started to develop tests by themselves, among which the Chinese Calligraphy Scale of Elementary School by Yu Ziyi in 1918 was the first local psychological test. In 1920, Liao Shicheng and Chen Heqin began to teach testing courses in Nanjing Teacher＇s College and formally introduced the scientific Psychological Testing via the publication of Methods of Testing. In 1923, a nationwide large-scale intelligence and educational test was conducted in cooporation with an expert from America, obtaining age norms and grade norms of the 3rd to 8th grades, which attracted the attention of all educators. Since 1925, Ai Wei had been working on educational tests and developed a lot of tests for different grades and subjects for elementary schools and high schools. Together with Zhang Yaoxiang, Ai Wei also devoted himself to tests for learning Chinese characters and reading interest, and developed a Reading Scale eventually. In 1931, the Chinese Association of Testing was established and the journal Testing came out. After the War of Resistance Against Japan broke out, the work of testing continued and progressed. However, the pace of its development was impeded by the war. After the founding of New China, Psychological Testing turned into a forbidden area because of political transformation. The word ＂psychological＂ was misunderstood as the same as ideological and counter-revolutionary. Thus no one dared to touch it any more. Along with the advent of the Cultural Revolution in 1966, psychology was criticized as ＂pseudoscience＂ even more severely, and psychological testing was totally negated consequently. After the Cultural Revolution, Psychology resurrected. But Psychological Testing was caught in a predicament with neither human resource nor material references. It was not until 1980 when three senior professors initiated a small psychological testing training workshop that Psychological Testing really revived in China. Subsequently and gradually, many colleges started to teach psychological testing. With the introduction of updated theories, methods and technique, the development of local tests and some applied studies, Psychological Testing in China began to prosper. In 1984, a division of Psychological Testing under CPS was established, and in 1990 it obtained the membership in ITC. Since the late 1980s, along with the implementation of the Reform and Open-up Policy, testing permeated into more applied fields gradually, including medical, managerial, personnel and judicial areas. Besides education, personnel selection and counseling were the two main fields where psychological testing flourished. Up to now, Psychological Testing has become a hot discipline among various applied sciences. At the end of this paper, a prospect for Chinese psychological testing from four different aspects was proposed.
