CAJ | 학술논문

道员,源自明代藩臬佐贰,各道设置之初,其独立性远不及后世,均各带参政、参议、副使、佥事等两司职衔守巡各地。入清后,仍沿其旧制,诸道职衔、品级各不相同。随着道制的完善,道员的地位、作用日趋固定,遂有乾隆十八年停直省守巡各道兼两司职衔之举,同时定其品秩为正四品。自此之后,道员不再是藩臬佐贰的统称,而成一独立职官名称。道员职衔经历了一个从各道坐定职衔,到以一定原则兼衔任缺,再到逐渐弱化兼衔意义,并最终去兼衔定品级的过程。
도원,원자명대번얼좌이,각도설치지초,기독립성원불급후세,균각대삼정、삼의、부사、첨사등량사직함수순각지。입청후,잉연기구제,제도직함、품급각불상동。수착도제적완선,도원적지위、작용일추고정,수유건륭십팔년정직성수순각도겸량사직함지거,동시정기품질위정사품。자차지후,도원불재시번얼좌이적통칭,이성일독립직관명칭。도원직함경력료일개종각도좌정직함,도이일정원칙겸함임결,재도축점약화겸함의의,병최종거겸함정품급적과정。
Circuit intendants （Dao） originated from vice financial commissioners and provincial judges in the Ming dynasty. The circuit was not so independent in its early stage. The circuit intendants worked as inspectors in certain areas with concurrent titles like financial commissioners and the provincial judges. The Qing dynasty inherited the Dao institution from the Ming dynasty, and each Dao had its own titles and ranks. With the development of the Dao institution, its status and function were gradually fixed up. As a result, the Qing court set the rank of circuit intedants as 4 and removed their concurrent titles in 1753. Henceforth, Circuit intendants became an independent position from vice financial commissioners and provincial judges.