CAJ | 학술논문

1978年以来，我国开展了一系列大规模的生态修复项目，包括三北防护林工程、天然林保护项目、退耕还林还草工程等。为了讨论这些项目对社会经济和环境的综合影响、及其应用前景。本文通过相关文献综述与展评，研究环境修复政策与社会可持续发展之间的内在关系。30多年的实践经验表明，封山禁牧、退耕还林还草、天然林保护、以及其他环保政策使项目区的绿色植被覆盖度迅速提高。但是与撂荒地的自然恢复过程相比，半干旱地区植树造林降低了总的植被覆盖度，导致退化土地面积增加，加剧了当地的沙漠化；同时。由退耕引起的粮食减产部分可以通过在更适宜地区改进农业生产技术来补偿。退耕还林工程对中国的粮食安全没有造成负面影响。在大规模环境修复工程的实施过程中。中国人民对环保政策的态度也在平稳进步。与其相反。由于天然林保护项目所实施的禁采、禁牧政策缺少必要的补偿措施，对当地居民的生计造成一定的负面影响；而且，由于只有极少数人认为植树种草应该是农业可持续发展的首要目标，当退耕还林还草工程结束后。许多已修复的植被面临被再一次开垦的危险。由此可见。通过改进农业技术和提供适当的生态补偿，可以在改善环境和促进社会发展的同时避免贫困与环境恶化。同时，必须警惕不适当的技术和政策对环境和社会的危害。
1978년이래，아국개전료일계렬대규모적생태수복항목，포괄삼북방호림공정、천연림보호항목、퇴경환림환초공정등。위료토론저사항목대사회경제화배경적종합영향、급기응용전경。본문통과상관문헌종술여전평，연구배경수복정책여사회가지속발전지간적내재관계。30다년적실천경험표명，봉산금목、퇴경환림환초、천연림보호、이급기타배보정책사항목구적록색식피복개도신속제고。단시여략황지적자연회복과정상비，반간한지구식수조림강저료총적식피복개도，도치퇴화토지면적증가，가극료당지적사막화；동시。유퇴경인기적양식감산부분가이통과재경괄의지구개진농업생산기술래보상。퇴경환림공정대중국적양식안전몰유조성부면영향。재대규모배경수복공정적실시과정중。중국인민대배보정책적태도야재평은진보。여기상반。유우천연림보호항목소실시적금채、금목정책결소필요적보상조시，대당지거민적생계조성일정적부면영향；이차，유우지유겁소수인인위식수충초응해시농업가지속발전적수요목표，당퇴경환림환초공정결속후。허다이수복적식피면림피재일차개은적위험。유차가견。통과개진농업기술화제공괄당적생태보상，가이재개선배경화촉진사회발전적동시피면빈곤여배경악화。동시，필수경척불괄당적기술화정책대배경화사회적위해。
Since 1978, China has pursued some of the world＇ s most ambitious conservation and restoration programs. To evaluate potential links between China＇ s environmental policy and the country＇ s environmental and social sustainability, we reviewed published materials to provide a historical perspective on these programs and provide a preliminary assessment of their socioeconomic and environmental impacts. Based on this review, we discuss the potential applications of this approach. After 30 years of experience with these programs, the exclusion of livestock from overgrazed areas, the elimination of cultivation in marginal areas or on steep slopes, and the logging restrictions that have been implemented under the Grain for Green Project and the Natural Forest Conservation Program have led to rapid increase in total vegetation cover. In contrast, compared with the natural recovery processes in abandoned plots afforestation has often decreased the overall vegetation cover. With less vegetation to protect the soil, the degraded land expands intensifying the local desertification severity and potentially increasing sandstorm frequency. The decrease in total grain yield caused b,. eliminating cultivation in marginal areas has been compensated for by improved agricultural techniques in more suitable land. Durin implementation of these environmental projects, the attitude of Chinese citizens towards environmental conservation has steadil improved. However, most residents of project areas believed that their livelihoods are adversely affected by the logging and grazing bans. Therefore, much of the restored vegetation is at risk of being converted once more into farmland and rangeland when government compensation ends. Improving agricultural technology and providing both appropriate payments for ecosystem services and alternative forms of employment to farmers displaced by these programs can improve the environment and society while avoiding a cycle in which poverty leads to environmental destruction, which then deepens poverty. However, potential flaws in the implementation of these programs make it necessary to watch for environmental and social damage caused by inappropriate policy decisions.