CAJ | 학술논문

尽管非竞争性和非排他性被人们视为界定公共物品的两大标准，但不同理论流派对这两大标准的认识存在着明显的分歧，由此所引申出来的政策含义更是截然有别。鉴于此，有必要从文献和现实两个角度来重新思考公共物品概念及其政策含义。首先，从公共物品的概念史来看，主流的“萨缪尔森——马斯格雷夫传统”主要着眼于物品的被消费方式和消费者的行为特征，倾向于主张政府干预；而公共选择学派所秉承的“自愿交易传统”更多关注于物品的被供给方式，强调物品供给主体及其组织形式的多样性，并极力主张对政府权力的运用施加约束。其次，从政策实践层面来看，由上述两大标准引申而来，政府服务的公共性内涵至少可以概括出以下两点：第一，制度规则的“非排他性”与受益范围的全覆盖；第二，供给水平的“非竞争性”与公共服务的均等化。而这也正是我国当前建设和完善公共财政体系过程中的目标所系和关键所在。
진관비경쟁성화비배타성피인문시위계정공공물품적량대표준，단불동이론류파대저량대표준적인식존재착명현적분기，유차소인신출래적정책함의경시절연유별。감우차，유필요종문헌화현실량개각도래중신사고공공물품개념급기정책함의。수선，종공공물품적개념사래간，주류적“살무이삼——마사격뢰부전통”주요착안우물품적피소비방식화소비자적행위특정，경향우주장정부간예；이공공선택학파소병승적“자원교역전통”경다관주우물품적피공급방식，강조물품공급주체급기조직형식적다양성，병겁력주장대정부권력적운용시가약속。기차，종정책실천층면래간，유상술량대표준인신이래，정부복무적공공성내함지소가이개괄출이하량점：제일，제도규칙적“비배타성”여수익범위적전복개；제이，공급수평적“비경쟁성”여공공복무적균등화。이저야정시아국당전건설화완선공공재정체계과정중적목표소계화관건소재。
Although mainstreams regard non-competitive and non-exclusive as two standards when defining the concept of public goods, the subject and policy implication of them exist many ambiguities. This article attempts to reconsider from perspectives of literature and policy practice. Theoretically, the mainstreams of ＂Samuelson-Musgrave tradition＂ mainly focus on the pattern of goods consumed and behavioral characteristics of consumers and prefer government intervention; while the ＂ voluntary exchange tradition＂ of Public Choice pays more attention to the pattern of goods being supplied, emphasizes the diversity of subjects and forms of organization when public goods are supplied, and strongly advocates to restrain government power. From the perspective of practices, the connotation of publicity of government service can be summarized as the following two points extending from two standard definitions of public goods：（1） non-exclusiveness of institutional rules and full coverage of ranges of benefits, （2） non-competitiveness of supplying level and equalization of government service. And these are also the starting point and destiny of constructing and improving the institution of public finance.