CAJ | 학술논문

在土司制度“渊源”、“发展”及“衰落”历程基础上，首次集中讨论了中国土司制度的十个问题。本文认为，土司制度目的是稳固边疆少数民族地区的统治，设置四种类型的土司也是围绕这一目的。土司制度的社会基础是奴隶制和农奴制，核心与实质是土民与土司的依附性，根本是土兵。土司制度鼎盛于明代，衰落于清代，清代“改土归流”实际上是变土司地区的奴隶主和农奴主专政为封建地主阶级专政的过程。与西南土司制度相“异”的是明王朝版籍内的东北边外土司，它是经过朝廷遣官“招谕”、少数民族首领入京进贡输诚后才授予土司官职的。研究土司制度的意义就在于“存史”和“资政”，总结历朝历代施行土司制度的经验教训，为新时期制定民族政策、做好民族工作和推动社会经济文化的发展服务。
재토사제도“연원”、“발전”급“쇠락”역정기출상，수차집중토론료중국토사제도적십개문제。본문인위，토사제도목적시은고변강소수민족지구적통치，설치사충류형적토사야시위요저일목적。토사제도적사회기출시노대제화농노제，핵심여실질시토민여토사적의부성，근본시토병。토사제도정성우명대，쇠락우청대，청대“개토귀류”실제상시변토사지구적노대주화농노주전정위봉건지주계급전정적과정。여서남토사제도상“이”적시명왕조판적내적동북변외토사，타시경과조정견관“초유”、소수민족수령입경진공수성후재수여토사관직적。연구토사제도적의의취재우“존사”화“자정”，총결력조역대시행토사제도적경험교훈，위신시기제정민족정책、주호민족공작화추동사회경제문화적발전복무。
Based on the process of ＂origin＂, ＂development＂and ＂decline＂, the ten issues about Chinese Tusi system are firstly focused on discussing. The paper argues that the purpose of Tusi system is to stabilize the ruling position in minority border areas, in addition, four kinds of Tusi also center around the principle. The social foundation of Tusi system is slavery and serfdom, its core and essence is the dependence of Tuming and Tusi, and its root is soldiers. Tusi system boomed in the Ming Dynasty, and declined in the Qing Dynasty. In fact,＂bureaucratization of native officers＂ in the Qing Dynasty was to change slavery and serfdom into the dictatorship of the lands lord class. Tusi of Northeast border areas in the Ming Dynasty is different from Southwest Tusi, which was appointed after minority leaders paid tribute to court. The significance to study Tusi system is to ＂keep local history＂ and ＂mentor＇and serve as formulating ethnic policies, improving ethnic work and furthering the development of social economic culture.