CAJ | 학술논문

中国自古就十分注重以考试选才，考试在当今中国也被广泛使用，尤其是高考制度，具有广泛而重大的社会影响。古代科举与当今高考的考试后效都十分明显——在做出巨大社会贡献的同时，也存在一些具有重大消极影响的弊端。本文运用历史分析法、问卷调查法、访谈法等研究方法，以古代科举与当今高考为例，尝试对大规模高利害考试的利害分布及其产生的负面后效做初步研究。科举与高考之所以具有如此强大的负面后效，其根源在于利害与风险的高集中性，承载着过重的责任与重负。根治负面后效的最有效措施莫过于分散其利害的高集中性，将其评价功能和利益分配机制予以疏散，对人才实行综合评价。
중국자고취십분주중이고시선재，고시재당금중국야피엄범사용，우기시고고제도，구유엄범이중대적사회영향。고대과거여당금고고적고시후효도십분명현——재주출거대사회공헌적동시，야존재일사구유중대소겁영향적폐단。본문운용역사분석법、문권조사법、방담법등연구방법，이고대과거여당금고고위례，상시대대규모고리해고시적리해분포급기산생적부면후효주초보연구。과거여고고지소이구유여차강대적부면후효，기근원재우리해여풍험적고집중성，승재착과중적책임여중부。근치부면후효적최유효조시막과우분산기리해적고집중성，장기평개공능화이익분배궤제여이소산，대인재실행종합평개。
China tends to select talents in the manner of test since ancient times. Nowa- days, test is broadly used in China, especially the Gaokao, which has a overwhelming social impacts. The washbacks of Keju in ancient China and Gaokao in nowadays China are both remarkable. On one hand, they have huge social contribution, but on the other hand, they cause some significant negative impacts. This paper makes an initial study on the distribution of the stake of big test and related negative washbacks, taking Keju and Gaokao for examples with methods of historical analysis, questionnaire, and interview. One of the causes of the powerful negative washbacks of Keju and Gaokao is the central- ization of the tests＇ stakes. Dispersing big tests＇ stake and implementing integrated eval- uation are valid ways to alleviate the big tests＇ negative washbacks.