CAJ | 학술논문

体操运动员跳马落地时下肢受到较大的冲击负荷，通常会导致关节损伤，探寻运动员落地垫力学特性的改变对下肢关节负荷的影响，旨在为下肢关节损伤的预防提供科学依据。首先，通过人体运动仿真软件LifeMod／ADAMS构建19个环节的个性化人体模型，之后，通过受试者落地过程的动作捕捉、高速摄像和测力台实验对模型加以验证，证明所建立模型的有效性。利用所建的模型，对高水平运动员在实际比赛中完成跳马技术动作进行捕捉，随后改变跳马落地垫的力学参数进行仿真研究。结果发现，人体落地冲击分为冲击和平衡两个阶段，人体肌肉骨骼系统具有缓冲减震的功能，跺、膝和髋关节分别延迟15ms、17ms和19ms达到关节反作用力峰值。另外，落地过程中膝关节的伸肌力矩和髋关节的外展力矩分别在矢状面、额状面内起主导作用。当增加落地垫的阻尼导致踝关节在矢状面内受到的负荷明显增大，但增加刚度对体操运动员负荷的影响相对较小。而在额状面内，增加落地垫的刚度和阻尼导致下肢各关节的力矩明显增大，将增加下肢损伤的风险。
체조운동원도마락지시하지수도교대적충격부하，통상회도치관절손상，탐심운동원락지점역학특성적개변대하지관절부하적영향，지재위하지관절손상적예방제공과학의거。수선，통과인체운동방진연건LifeMod／ADAMS구건19개배절적개성화인체모형，지후，통과수시자락지과정적동작포착、고속섭상화측력태실험대모형가이험증，증명소건립모형적유효성。이용소건적모형，대고수평운동원재실제비새중완성도마기술동작진행포착，수후개변도마락지점적역학삼수진행방진연구。결과발현，인체락지충격분위충격화평형량개계단，인체기육골격계통구유완충감진적공능，타、슬화관관절분별연지15ms、17ms화19ms체도관절반작용력봉치。령외，락지과정중슬관절적신기력구화관관절적외전력구분별재시상면、액상면내기주도작용。당증가락지점적조니도치과관절재시상면내수도적부하명현증대，단증가강도대체조운동원부하적영향상대교소。이재액상면내，증가락지점적강도화조니도치하지각관절적력구명현증대，장증가하지손상적풍험。
Lower extremities of gymnasts suffer larger impact forces during landing of vaults which often induce injuries of lower limbs. In order to provide scientific reference for preven-tion of the injury, this paper investigated the effects of mechanical characteristics of landing mat on landing impact. A subject-specific model with 19 segments of a gymnast was firstly devel-oped using simulation software of human movement LifeMod/ADAMS. After that, the model was tested and proved to be valid and feasible using our experiment data of motion-capture system, high-speed cameras and force-plate. A vault performed by the gymnast was then simu-lated. Using the model computer simulation was performed to investigate how modifications to the mat stiffness and damping affect the impact forces. The results indicated that the landing maneuver included two phases, impact phase and balance phase. The joint reaction forces of an-kle,knee and hip reached their respective peaks in the impact phase with delays of about 15ms,17ms and 19ms due to the attenuation of the musculo-skeletal system. The torque of knee extensors played an important role in the dissipation of-forces in sagittal plane during landing, and that of hip abductors did in frontal plane. The simulation results also indicated that the reaction forces in sagittal plane of ankle increased obviously when mat damping in-creased, while mat stiffness affect little on the impact loads. All the reaction forces in frontal plane of the joints increased greatly when landing mat damping and stiffness increased, which meant increment of injury risk.