CAJ | 학술논문

水足迹是度量水资源利用效率改进的工具，中国农业的水资源紧缺使计算从单一粮食作物到国家等不同层面的水足迹值的重要性凸显。文章基于彭曼公式对单种粮食作物绿水和蓝水水足迹俊进行计算，介绍了省际范围、国内生产、国际贸易以及国内消费水足迹值的计算方法．测算了1978—2010年共33年内的稻谷、小麦、玉米、大豆和高粱等5种主要粮食作物的上述4种水足迹值。结果表明：33年间中国稻谷种植消费了48％的水足迹值，是水足迹消费量最大的粮食作物。相对于绿水更加稀缺的蓝水在此期间利用效率提高了40％，而中国国内生产粮食作物水足迹总量却不降反升，2010年比1978年增长了2．01％。中国是5种粮食作物的水足迹净进口国，并且对国外的水足迹依赖程度正在增大，进口粮食作物水足迹量在国内消费水足迹值中的占比从1978年的1．67％增加至2010年的9．06％。在进口的水足迹中，绿水足迹与蓝水足迹的比例为14．06，高于国内1．96的比例，表明其他国家将其相对丰富的雨水通过粮食贸易出口给中国，缓解了中国国内的水资源稀缺，提高了国际水资源的利用效率。最后，对比水足迹与土地、人口和经济发展关系发现，33年间种植单位面积的粮食作物例如稻谷所需要的水足迹量降低了37．58％，人均水足迹量降低了13．54％。单位水足迹的经济产出提高了9．89％，而之所以水足迹的综合利用效率的提高没有带来水足迹总量的减少，主要原因由于5种粮食作物产量在其间增加了98．89％，粮食种植数量增加了水足迹总量。
수족적시도량수자원이용효솔개진적공구，중국농업적수자원긴결사계산종단일양식작물도국가등불동층면적수족적치적중요성철현。문장기우팽만공식대단충양식작물록수화람수수족적준진행계산，개소료성제범위、국내생산、국제무역이급국내소비수족적치적계산방법．측산료1978—2010년공33년내적도곡、소맥、옥미、대두화고량등5충주요양식작물적상술4충수족적치。결과표명：33년간중국도곡충식소비료48％적수족적치，시수족적소비량최대적양식작물。상대우록수경가희결적람수재차기간이용효솔제고료40％，이중국국내생산양식작물수족적총량각불강반승，2010년비1978년증장료2．01％。중국시5충양식작물적수족적정진구국，병차대국외적수족적의뢰정도정재증대，진구양식작물수족적량재국내소비수족적치중적점비종1978년적1．67％증가지2010년적9．06％。재진구적수족적중，록수족적여람수족적적비례위14．06，고우국내1．96적비례，표명기타국가장기상대봉부적우수통과양식무역출구급중국，완해료중국국내적수자원희결，제고료국제수자원적이용효솔。최후，대비수족적여토지、인구화경제발전관계발현，33년간충식단위면적적양식작물례여도곡소수요적수족적량강저료37．58％，인균수족적량강저료13．54％。단위수족적적경제산출제고료9．89％，이지소이수족적적종합이용효솔적제고몰유대래수족적총량적감소，주요원인유우5충양식작물산량재기간증가료98．89％，양식충식수량증가료수족적총량。
Water footprint is a tool that can evaluate the improvement in water efficiency. Increasing water scarcity in China＇ s agricultural industry makes the quantification of water footprint important at different levels, from a crop to the nation. Based on Penman equation which illustrates the calculation method of green and blue water footprint per crop, this paper introduces water footprint calculation methods for a province, domestic production, international trading and domestic consumption. It calculates five main food crops： rice, wheat, grain, soybeans and sorghum＇ s water footprints listed above in the year 1978 to 2010. The result shows that in the duration of the 33 years, rice production consumes 48% of the total water footprint, which is the largest of all the food crops. Comparing with green water footprint, the scarcer blue water＇ s efficiency rises 40%. The total water footprint of China increases 2.01% by 2010 comparing with 1978. China is a net import country for those five main crops＇ water footprint. The percentage of imported crops＇ water footprint among the total consumption rises from 1.67% in 1978 to 9.06% in 2010, which means the increasing reliance of China on aboard water resource. Among imported water footprint, the quantity of green water footprint is 14.06 times of blue water footprint, which is higher than China＇ s ratio of 1.96. It proves that through international trade, related countries exported their comparatively more abundant rain water to China, which relives China＇ s water scarcity and makes international water usage more efficient. Finally, by comparing water footprint with land, population and economic development, it finds that in the past 33 years, the ratio of water footprint used per unit area decreased by 37.58%, water footprint per person decreased by 13.54% , and water footprint＇ s economic productivity increased by 9.89%. The reason that total water footprint does not decrease while the comprehensive water footprint efficiency increases is the production of five crops increased by 98.89% during the period. The result can be used to evaluate further relationships between water footprint and other resources, population the economy.