CAJ | 학술논문

本稿基于陕北宋金石窟题记资料，分析了石窟的施主身份、工匠班底、住持与经营、开凿背景四方面内容。认为石窟施主可以划分为家族、结社、军人、军民类型，前两者开凿洞窟以小型为主，兼有大中型号，所在地点多比较偏僻，周围环境易于形成相对独立的居住区，后两者开凿洞窟多数属于大型和超大型，个别为中型，大多处在重要交通线经过的山谷之中．往往与军事城寨伴生。各种施主普遍祈求天下太平、合家安乐、亡者升天，反映了战乱不安的社会环境。北宋晚期至金代早期，活动着以郎州介端、介处为首的介氏家族工匠班底，以及延长王志为首的工匠班底，他们持有较高的雕刻技艺，拥有较大的活动范围。还有散见的其他工匠班底，其中以王信为首工匠班底代表了当时最高水准。这些工匠班底都出自民间，他们自发地从事开窟造像事业，以此为谋生之道。少许题记表明，伴随石窟开凿也就出现住持僧人，有的石窟寺院具有丰厚田产。陕北宋金石窟在宋、夏对峙的战争氛围中获得巨大发展，军人参与开凿石窟，石窟与城寨关联．金人据有陕西后延续了这种惯性，不寻常的社会环境赋予了陕北宋金石窟特殊的内涵。
본고기우협북송금석굴제기자료，분석료석굴적시주신빈、공장반저、주지여경영、개착배경사방면내용。인위석굴시주가이화분위가족、결사、군인、군민류형，전량자개착동굴이소형위주，겸유대중형호，소재지점다비교편벽，주위배경역우형성상대독립적거주구，후량자개착동굴다수속우대형화초대형，개별위중형，대다처재중요교통선경과적산곡지중．왕왕여군사성채반생。각충시주보편기구천하태평、합가안악、망자승천，반영료전란불안적사회배경。북송만기지금대조기，활동착이랑주개단、개처위수적개씨가족공장반저，이급연장왕지위수적공장반저，타문지유교고적조각기예，옹유교대적활동범위。환유산견적기타공장반저，기중이왕신위수공장반저대표료당시최고수준。저사공장반저도출자민간，타문자발지종사개굴조상사업，이차위모생지도。소허제기표명，반수석굴개착야취출현주지승인，유적석굴사원구유봉후전산。협북송금석굴재송、하대치적전쟁분위중획득거대발전，군인삼여개착석굴，석굴여성채관련．금인거유협서후연속료저충관성，불심상적사회배경부여료협북송금석굴특수적내함。
Based on the inscriptions in the Song and Jin dynasty caves in north Shaanxi, this paper analyzes the donor＇s social status, artisans, organizers, and the construction background. It argues that the donors can be divided into four groups： family members, community members, army men, and those with dual roles, both military and civilian. The first two groups mainly contributed to smaller grottoes and individual large or medium caves in rural places where it was relatively easy to form an independent residential area. The last two groups mostly contributed to large and very large caves and individual medium caves, most situated in the valleys along vital travel routes, co-existing with military fortresses. The donors prayed for peace and a happy life for their families, which reflected the then unstable social condition. From the late Northern Song dynasty to the early Jin dynasty, both Family members of Jie led by Jie Duan and Jie Chu in Fu County and artisans led by Wang Zhi from Yanchang County had high engraving techniques and were active in an extensive region. There were other artisan groups too, and among them the group led by Wang Xin represented the highest technical level. These spontaneously constructed caves and created statues to make artisan groups came from folk sources, and they a living. A few inscriptions indicate that along with the construction of the caves, Buddhist monks appeared and some cave temples owned much land. The Song and Jin dynasty caves in north Shaanxi were developed rapidly during the war between the Song and Jin. The soldiers also participated in building the caves to connect them with their fortresses. This practice was followed by the Jin people after the Jin dynasty took control of Shaanxi. Therefore, the Song and Jin dynasty caves in north Shaanxi possessed special meaning owing to unusual social environments.