中国人民大学学报
中國人民大學學報
중국인민대학학보
Journal of Renmin University of China
2013年
4期
70~82
,共null页
侵权责任法 第三入侵权行为 第三人侵权责任 实际加害人 免责事由
侵權責任法 第三入侵權行為 第三人侵權責任 實際加害人 免責事由
침권책임법 제삼입침권행위 제삼인침권책임 실제가해인 면책사유
Tort Liability Law; the third party＇s tortious act; the third party＇s tort liability;actual in- fringer; cause for exemption of liabilities
我国《侵权责任法》多处使用了第三人概念，但并非同一个概念，只有第28条规定的第三入侵权行为才是法定的免责事由，其后果是免除实际加害人的责任，由第三人承担侵权责任。在适用过错责任原则和过错推定原则的侵权行为类型，第三人侵权行为是普遍适用的免责事由。在适用无过错责任原则的侵权行为类型，法律没有明确规定第三人侵权行为为免责事由，但规定受害人故意造成损害可以免责的，则第三人故意造成损害可以免除实际加害人的责任；规定受害人重大过失或者过失造成损害实行过失相抵的，则第三人重大过失或者过失造成损害可以免除实际加害人的责任。
我國《侵權責任法》多處使用瞭第三人概唸，但併非同一箇概唸，隻有第28條規定的第三入侵權行為纔是法定的免責事由，其後果是免除實際加害人的責任，由第三人承擔侵權責任。在適用過錯責任原則和過錯推定原則的侵權行為類型，第三人侵權行為是普遍適用的免責事由。在適用無過錯責任原則的侵權行為類型，法律沒有明確規定第三人侵權行為為免責事由，但規定受害人故意造成損害可以免責的，則第三人故意造成損害可以免除實際加害人的責任；規定受害人重大過失或者過失造成損害實行過失相牴的，則第三人重大過失或者過失造成損害可以免除實際加害人的責任。
아국《침권책임법》다처사용료제삼인개념，단병비동일개개념，지유제28조규정적제삼입침권행위재시법정적면책사유，기후과시면제실제가해인적책임，유제삼인승담침권책임。재괄용과착책임원칙화과착추정원칙적침권행위류형，제삼인침권행위시보편괄용적면책사유。재괄용무과착책임원칙적침권행위류형，법률몰유명학규정제삼인침권행위위면책사유，단규정수해인고의조성손해가이면책적，칙제삼인고의조성손해가이면제실제가해인적책임；규정수해인중대과실혹자과실조성손해실행과실상저적，칙제삼인중대과실혹자과실조성손해가이면제실제가해인적책임。
The concept of ＂third party＂ is used in several articles in Tort Liability Law of P. R. China, but all of these are not the same concept. Among them, the third party＇s tortious act stipulated in Ar- ticle 28 is the statutory cause for exemption of liabilities, which results in that the actual infringer can be exempted from liabilities while the third party should bear tort liability. In the tortious acts which apply to the principle of fault liability or the principle of presumed-fault liability, the third party＇s tor- tious act is the cause {or exemption of liabilities. In the tortious acts which apply to the principle of no- fault liability, the third party＇s tortious act is not stipulated as the cause for exemption of liabilities by law. However, if the circumstance that the harm is intentionally caused by the victim is stipulated as the cause for exemption of liabilities, the circumstance that the harm is intentionally caused by the third party can make the actual infringer exempt from liabilities. If the circumstance that the victim is of gross negligence or negligence for the occurrence of the harm applies the rule of contributory negli- gence, the circumstance that the third party＇s gross negligence or negligence for the occurrence of the harm can make the actual infringer exempt from liabilities.
