心理科学进展
心理科學進展
심이과학진전
Advances In Psychological Science
2013年
8期
1331~1346
,共null页
决策 风险选择 预期功效 参照点 价值函数 前景理论
決策 風險選擇 預期功效 參照點 價值函數 前景理論
결책 풍험선택 예기공효 삼조점 개치함수 전경이론
decision making; risky choice; expected utility; reference point; value function; prospect theory
三参照点理论(Tri-Reference Point Theory,Wang,2008a;Wang & Johnson,2012)以底线、现状和目标为参照点,将决策结果空间划分为失败、损失、获益和成功4个功能区域。根据3个参照点的心理权重的排序:底线〉目标〉现状,该模型继而推导出跨越不同区域的以现状为分界的双S-型的价值函数,以及据此产生的对于跨越不同参照点的预期结果的偏好转换、和损失一获益及失败一成功的两种不对称性。总之,风险决策的基本任务在于,在使得达到目标的可能性最大化的同时使底线不保的可能性最小化。三参照点理论将统计学和金融学中的均值与方差(均差)分析与行为决策研究中的参照点效应有机地结合在一起;在面对不同的风险选项时,通过分析各个预期结果的均差分布与3个参照点之间的关系作出适应性的决策。本文介绍了三参照点理论的基本推论、运行原则、实证检验、以及它与期望效用理论和前景理论相比较的异同之处。同时我们也探讨了三参照点理论对实践中管理决策的指导意义和多重启示。
三參照點理論(Tri-Reference Point Theory,Wang,2008a;Wang & Johnson,2012)以底線、現狀和目標為參照點,將決策結果空間劃分為失敗、損失、穫益和成功4箇功能區域。根據3箇參照點的心理權重的排序:底線〉目標〉現狀,該模型繼而推導齣跨越不同區域的以現狀為分界的雙S-型的價值函數,以及據此產生的對于跨越不同參照點的預期結果的偏好轉換、和損失一穫益及失敗一成功的兩種不對稱性。總之,風險決策的基本任務在于,在使得達到目標的可能性最大化的同時使底線不保的可能性最小化。三參照點理論將統計學和金融學中的均值與方差(均差)分析與行為決策研究中的參照點效應有機地結閤在一起;在麵對不同的風險選項時,通過分析各箇預期結果的均差分佈與3箇參照點之間的關繫作齣適應性的決策。本文介紹瞭三參照點理論的基本推論、運行原則、實證檢驗、以及它與期望效用理論和前景理論相比較的異同之處。同時我們也探討瞭三參照點理論對實踐中管理決策的指導意義和多重啟示。
삼삼조점이론(Tri-Reference Point Theory,Wang,2008a;Wang & Johnson,2012)이저선、현상화목표위삼조점,장결책결과공간화분위실패、손실、획익화성공4개공능구역。근거3개삼조점적심리권중적배서:저선〉목표〉현상,해모형계이추도출과월불동구역적이현상위분계적쌍S-형적개치함수,이급거차산생적대우과월불동삼조점적예기결과적편호전환、화손실일획익급실패일성공적량충불대칭성。총지,풍험결책적기본임무재우,재사득체도목표적가능성최대화적동시사저선불보적가능성최소화。삼삼조점이론장통계학화금융학중적균치여방차(균차)분석여행위결책연구중적삼조점효응유궤지결합재일기;재면대불동적풍험선항시,통과분석각개예기결과적균차분포여3개삼조점지간적관계작출괄응성적결책。본문개소료삼삼조점이론적기본추론、운행원칙、실증검험、이급타여기망효용이론화전경이론상비교적이동지처。동시아문야탐토료삼삼조점이론대실천중관리결책적지도의의화다중계시。
Tri-reference point (TRP) theory (Wang, 2008a; Wang & Johnson, 2012) makes use of three reference points, minimum requirement (MR), status quo (SQ), and goal (G) to demarcate choice outcome space into four functional regions: failure, loss, gain, and success. Based on the priority order of the reference points: MR 〉 G 〉 SQ, the model derives from the four regions a double S-shaped value function, connected at the point of SQ. Risk preferences switched between risk-seeking and risk-aversion when the distribution of a gamble straddles a different reference point and resulted in gain-loss and success-failure asymmetries. In sum, the basic task in making risky choices is to maximize the likelihood of reaching a goal and minimize the likelihood of falling below the MR at the same time. The TRP theory synthetically combines the powerful concept of mean-variance used in statistics and finance with the concept of reference points in the behavioral decision making literature takes into consideration the mean-variance distribution of a choice option and its relationship with the three reference points in order to reach adaptive decisions. In this paper, we introduce the basic assumptions, operational principles, experimental tests of the TRP theory, and compare the TRP theory against expected utility theory, and prospect theory. We also discuss practical guidance and implications of the TRP theory for managerial decision making.