心理科学进展
心理科學進展
심이과학진전
Advances In Psychological Science
2013年
8期
1457~1465
,共null页
孤岛能力 孤独症 脑病理性优势假说 孤独症特质假说
孤島能力 孤獨癥 腦病理性優勢假說 孤獨癥特質假說
고도능력 고독증 뇌병이성우세가설 고독증특질가설
savant skills; autism; pathological ＂cerebral dominance＂ model; Autistic model
孤岛能力是个体在一般能力普遍落后的情况下某一个或几个领域表现出来的与其整体能力极不匹配的超常能力。令人惊讶的是，人类近一半的孤岛能力产自于孤独症谱系障碍。本文系统回顾了孤独症孤岛能力的特征、传统的各种心理学解释和当前最有力的认知神经科学发现：脑病理性优势假说和孤独症特质假说。在此基础上，本文认为脑优势中心的转移和混乱的大脑连接可能是孤岛能力产生的前提，而特定技能的遗传和后天的反复练习．ill4是孤岛能力得以强化和巩固的重要因素。
孤島能力是箇體在一般能力普遍落後的情況下某一箇或幾箇領域錶現齣來的與其整體能力極不匹配的超常能力。令人驚訝的是，人類近一半的孤島能力產自于孤獨癥譜繫障礙。本文繫統迴顧瞭孤獨癥孤島能力的特徵、傳統的各種心理學解釋和噹前最有力的認知神經科學髮現：腦病理性優勢假說和孤獨癥特質假說。在此基礎上，本文認為腦優勢中心的轉移和混亂的大腦連接可能是孤島能力產生的前提，而特定技能的遺傳和後天的反複練習．ill4是孤島能力得以彊化和鞏固的重要因素。
고도능력시개체재일반능력보편락후적정황하모일개혹궤개영역표현출래적여기정체능력겁불필배적초상능력。령인량아적시，인류근일반적고도능력산자우고독증보계장애。본문계통회고료고독증고도능력적특정、전통적각충심이학해석화당전최유력적인지신경과학발현：뇌병이성우세가설화고독증특질가설。재차기출상，본문인위뇌우세중심적전이화혼란적대뇌련접가능시고도능력산생적전제，이특정기능적유전화후천적반복연습．ill4시고도능력득이강화화공고적중요인소。
Savant skills are characterized by outstanding mental capability despite of coexisting severe mental disabilities. It is surprising that approximately 50 percent of individuals with savant skills described in literatures appeared to meet the criteria for autism/ASD. In this systematic review, we summarize the characteristics of savant skills in autism and the traditional explanation of them in the area of cognitive psychology. Then we introduce the recent results in neurocognitive researches, which especially emphasize the potential application of the Pathological ＂cerebral dominance＂ model and the Autistic model. According to these results, we conclude that savant skills in autism was mainly related to pathological ＂cerebral dominance＂ and abnormity on the brain connectivity. In addition, the heredity and the repeated training also play an important role.
