心理学报
心理學報
심이학보
Acta Psychologica Sinica
2013年
8期
874~886
,共null页
仿真气球冒险任务 风险决策 真实金钱奖赏 虚拟金钱奖赏
倣真氣毬冒險任務 風險決策 真實金錢獎賞 虛擬金錢獎賞
방진기구모험임무 풍험결책 진실금전장상 허의금전장상
Balloon Analogue Risk Task; risk taking and decision making; real monetary reward; hypotheticalmonetary reward
在风险情境下人类如何决策是长久以来心理学和经济学研究中一个极具挑战性的核心问题。众多研究采用真实或虚拟金钱作为奖赏强化物来探索风险决策行为的过程和机制，但对金钱奖赏真实性如何影响决策了解很少。仿真气球冒险任务（BART：Balloon Analogue Risk Task）可以在实验室条件下有效评估个体在真实社会中的风险行为。本研究采用BART任务，通过两个实验探讨和比较了真实与虚拟金钱奖赏对风险决策行为的影响。实验一的结果发现，与虚拟金钱奖赏相比，真实金钱奖赏情境下的风险决策更容易受上一次决策结果的影响，上一次决策失败会导致被试的风险偏好水平显著降低（平均吹气球的次数显著减少），同时决策失败（气球吹爆）次数也显著减少，提示真实金钱奖赏下有更强的反馈学习效应。实验二重复了实验一的结果，并进一步发现，虚拟金钱奖赏的幅度对被试的风险决策行为没有影响，而真实金钱奖赏的幅度能显著改变被试的风险决策行为，较大幅度的真实金钱奖赏可以显著降低被试的风险偏好水平，但这种奖赏幅度对风险偏好的调控效应只对感觉寻求水平低的被试有效，感觉寻求水平高的被试不受影响。这些发现表明真实与虚拟金钱奖赏对风险决策行为有不同的影响。我们的结果可以用风险决策的后悔理论或齐当别模型来解释。
在風險情境下人類如何決策是長久以來心理學和經濟學研究中一箇極具挑戰性的覈心問題。衆多研究採用真實或虛擬金錢作為獎賞彊化物來探索風險決策行為的過程和機製，但對金錢獎賞真實性如何影響決策瞭解很少。倣真氣毬冒險任務（BART：Balloon Analogue Risk Task）可以在實驗室條件下有效評估箇體在真實社會中的風險行為。本研究採用BART任務，通過兩箇實驗探討和比較瞭真實與虛擬金錢獎賞對風險決策行為的影響。實驗一的結果髮現，與虛擬金錢獎賞相比，真實金錢獎賞情境下的風險決策更容易受上一次決策結果的影響，上一次決策失敗會導緻被試的風險偏好水平顯著降低（平均吹氣毬的次數顯著減少），同時決策失敗（氣毬吹爆）次數也顯著減少，提示真實金錢獎賞下有更彊的反饋學習效應。實驗二重複瞭實驗一的結果，併進一步髮現，虛擬金錢獎賞的幅度對被試的風險決策行為沒有影響，而真實金錢獎賞的幅度能顯著改變被試的風險決策行為，較大幅度的真實金錢獎賞可以顯著降低被試的風險偏好水平，但這種獎賞幅度對風險偏好的調控效應隻對感覺尋求水平低的被試有效，感覺尋求水平高的被試不受影響。這些髮現錶明真實與虛擬金錢獎賞對風險決策行為有不同的影響。我們的結果可以用風險決策的後悔理論或齊噹彆模型來解釋。
재풍험정경하인류여하결책시장구이래심이학화경제학연구중일개겁구도전성적핵심문제。음다연구채용진실혹허의금전작위장상강화물래탐색풍험결책행위적과정화궤제，단대금전장상진실성여하영향결책료해흔소。방진기구모험임무（BART：Balloon Analogue Risk Task）가이재실험실조건하유효평고개체재진실사회중적풍험행위。본연구채용BART임무，통과량개실험탐토화비교료진실여허의금전장상대풍험결책행위적영향。실험일적결과발현，여허의금전장상상비，진실금전장상정경하적풍험결책경용역수상일차결책결과적영향，상일차결책실패회도치피시적풍험편호수평현저강저（평균취기구적차수현저감소），동시결책실패（기구취폭）차수야현저감소，제시진실금전장상하유경강적반궤학습효응。실험이중복료실험일적결과，병진일보발현，허의금전장상적폭도대피시적풍험결책행위몰유영향，이진실금전장상적폭도능현저개변피시적풍험결책행위，교대폭도적진실금전장상가이현저강저피시적풍험편호수평，단저충장상폭도대풍험편호적조공효응지대감각심구수평저적피시유효，감각심구수평고적피시불수영향。저사발현표명진실여허의금전장상대풍험결책행위유불동적영향。아문적결과가이용풍험결책적후회이론혹제당별모형래해석。
Understanding human risk taking and decision making behavior poses a major challenge for psychological and economical research during the last decades. Although real or hypothetical monetary rewards are commonly used as reinforcers in previous studies, it remains controversial whether real and hypothetical rewards have the same effects to motivate risk taking and decision making behavior. The recently developed balloon analogue risk task （BART） is a laboratory-based risk taking paradigm and offers an ecologically valid model for objective measurement of risk taking propensity and behavior. In the present study, the authors used the BART paradigm in two experiments to compare the effects of real and hypothetical monetary rewards on risk taking behavior. We predicted that compared with hypothetical monetary reward, real monetary rewards will show stronger impacts on the risk taking behavior during the BART task. In Experiment 1, forty-four healthy young adults completed both real money and hypothetical monetary versions of the BART task, in which they were required to sequentially inflate a virtual balloon that can either grow larger or explode. The order of two tasks was counter-balanced between subjects. Paired t-tests and one-way Analysis of Variance （ANOVA） were conducted to compare the effects of real and hypothetical monetary rewards on the BART risk taking behavior, including the mean adjusted number of balloon inflations, the number of balloon explosions, and the number of balloon inflations after positive or negative feedbacks. Experiment 2 added a variable of reward magnitude and used a 2 （authenticity： real, hypothetical） ~ 2 （magnitude： small, large） factorial design. Thirty healthy young adults completed the experiment 2. The results from Experiment 1 showed that during the real monetary reward BART condition, subjects stopped inflating balloons earlier and were more risk averse for the current balloon trial if they lost the last balloon （i.e., the balloon exploded）. This result suggests a significant learning effect from the negative feedback of real monetary reward. However, no such effect was observed for the BART condition with the hypothetical monetary reward. The results from Experiment 2 replicated the findings from Experiment 1 and revealed significant main effects of both reward authenticity and magnitude on risk taking propensity and behavior. Specifically, subjects were more risk averse during the BART condition with large real monetary reward compared with small real monetary reward. However, no differences were found between large and small hypothetical rewards. In addition, subjects were more risk averse for large real monetary reward comparing with hypothetical monetary reward, while no differences were found between small real and hypothetical monetary rewards. Finally, the effect of reward magnitude on risk taking was significant only in subjects with low sensation-seeking scores, whereas subjects with high sensation-seeking scores were insensitive to variation in reward magnitude. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that real and hypothetical monetary rewards modulate risk taking behavior during the BART task in a different way. The findings could be explained by the regret theory and/or the equate-to-differentiate model of risky decision making. Our results suggest that real and hypothetical monetary rewards may have different external validity, which will inform the utility of real and hypothetical rewards in future studies.
