CAJ | 학술논문

收入不平等、环境污染和健康是当今世界各国发展过程中普遍面临的三大重要议题，本文选择其中一个重要关系链条，利用1980～2010年世界132个国家（地区）面板数据，在控制内生性影响的基础上，实证考察了收入不平等对环境质量和国民健康的影响及其差异的制度成因。结果表明，从世界范围看，收入不平等是影响环境质量和国民健康的一个重要因素，而且收入不平等对国民健康的影响在一定程度上是通过环境质量进行传导的。但是，收入不平等的环境效应和健康效应在发达国家和发展中国家存在着两种截然不同的结果，收入不平等对发展中国家环境质量和国民健康的影响较大，而对发达国家的影响微乎其微甚至相反。进一步的检验发现，发达国家和发展中国家的制度环境在很大程度上能够解释两者之间的差异。同时，稳健性检验也证实了本文研究结论。因此，无论是制定收入政策、环境政策还是健康政策，不仅需要考虑三者间的内在逻辑与影响机理，而且还要注重顶层设计，重视制度环境的培育和塑造。
수입불평등、배경오염화건강시당금세계각국발전과정중보편면림적삼대중요의제，본문선택기중일개중요관계련조，이용1980～2010년세계132개국가（지구）면판수거，재공제내생성영향적기출상，실증고찰료수입불평등대배경질량화국민건강적영향급기차이적제도성인。결과표명，종세계범위간，수입불평등시영향배경질량화국민건강적일개중요인소，이차수입불평등대국민건강적영향재일정정도상시통과배경질량진행전도적。단시，수입불평등적배경효응화건강효응재발체국가화발전중국가존재착량충절연불동적결과，수입불평등대발전중국가배경질량화국민건강적영향교대，이대발체국가적영향미호기미심지상반。진일보적검험발현，발체국가화발전중국가적제도배경재흔대정도상능구해석량자지간적차이。동시，은건성검험야증실료본문연구결론。인차，무론시제정수입정책、배경정책환시건강정책，불부수요고필삼자간적내재라집여영향궤리，이차환요주중정층설계，중시제도배경적배육화소조。
Nowadays the world in the development process generally face three most important issues, nanlaly income inequality, environmental pollution and health, which are public issues with significant externalities in the process of economic development, clarifying the internal logic and conduction mechanism behind complex factors becomes increasingly urgent. Based on the panel data of 132 countries from 1980 to 2010 and the control of endogenous effect, this paper investigates the impact of income inequality on environmental quality as well as the public health and the difference of the institution causes. The contributions of this paper can be summarized as three aspects： Verify how the income inequality affects the environment quality as well as its national differences, and whether the income inequality can influence publicheahh through affecting environment quality, cut into the problems from four institutional factors ： democracy, political stability,corruption and the quality of public sector,and apply Sen＇s ＂free development＂ principle to investigate the system mechanisms behind health and environment effect of income inequality. Select panel data which contain more comprehensive variable selection （132）over a longer time span （1980 - 2010 ）and variable countries （religions）. Overcoming the limitations of temporal interval and sample range of existing researches, this paper will construct dynamic panel data model for the endogenous problem that may arise, classify the different types ofcountries, estimate the parameter of models using the methods of fixed effect, difference GMM and system GMM, and adopt simultaneous equations to do the robustness test. The results show： Income inequality does affect the environment quality, and higher inequality has negative effect on improving environment quality, even causes the pollution. Meanwhile, income inequality can affect the environment quality mainly through its affect on individual and group behavior： the aggravation of inequality will force the poverty group excessively excavate and use natural resources, and the resulting social barriers will be more easy to induce the ＂group action predicament＂. Besides ,the time costs of making relative environment policy system and capital expenditure will be increased, and the environment cooperation actions cannot reach a consensus. Thus, highincome group will be more easily to capture the ＂dignitary＂ and ＂policeaker＂ group, and they can be more unscrupulously developing the natural resource and polluting the production. Income inequality does play a very important role on restricting public health. When the different types of environment pollution index are brought into, the influence coefficients of income inequality to health have decreased, which means that the environment quality is one of affecting channels of income inequality to public health. There are two completely different income inequality af- fections on the environment and health effect between developed and developing countries： income inequality has a significant impact on environment quality and public health in developing countries while has a lesser or opposite impact in developed countries. Further research shows that this kind of difference can be explained by the institu- tional environment between developed and developing countries. Democracy, stability and government can cushion the immediate effect of environment quality and public health caused by income inequality one some different levels, while the corruption can exacerbate the problems of environment quality and pubic health. Political stability, corruption, democracy and the quality of public sector can be provided by the government largely. Furthermore, the essence regarded as the free or non-free system environment of income inequality is a kind of deprivation of capability from middle and low income group. Lacking of the basic capability, those groups will be more likely have twisty environment behaviors and it will affect their health directly. When there is a primitive state of income inequality, with the income inequality has widened, the resulting environment and health effects will exacerbate further if lacking of a free develop environment. This paper suggests that, no matter in the world or in the china, in the context of no fundamental improvement for income inequality, environmental pollution and disease, Whether formulating incomes policy, environmental poli- cy or health policy, we need to consider their internal logic and impact mechanism, Only incorporating all involved factors and the influencing areas into the policy-making framework, then the effectiveness of policy development and implementation will greatly improve. Further perspective, the ＂Universal policy＂ of dealing with all kinds of social and economic problems is to nurture and shape institutional environment , including improve the institutional environment, provide mechanisms for efficient expression of public demand, combating corruption, safeguarding the stability of the government and enhance the quality of public sector （ equity and efficiency）.