CAJ | 학술논문

愚人节曾经是中世纪法国最重要的狂欢节庆。与一般的理解不同，愚人节并非只是低级教士的节日，它实际上囊括了各个阶层、性别和年龄的支持者和参与者。愚人节狂欢游戏典型地反映了中世纪法国“共同体”式的生活状态，即包括各级教士在内的所有成员都共享着同样的文化、信仰、生活方式。这是因为中世纪人们的生活世界里充满了各种实际的和想象的威胁，因而需要通过某种群体性的宗教仪式来驱逐这些恐惧，同时团结一个社群的全体成员共同面对这些困难，愚人节的狂欢游戏正是这样的一种仪式。14—15世纪，深重的社会危机动摇了传统的教会和社会体系，教会开始把愚人节活动驱逐出教堂，进而禁止教士参加公共游戏活动。这些演变导致中世纪的“共同体”开始解体，并造成愚人节在16世纪中叶全面衰落。
우인절증경시중세기법국최중요적광환절경。여일반적리해불동，우인절병비지시저급교사적절일，타실제상낭괄료각개계층、성별화년령적지지자화삼여자。우인절광환유희전형지반영료중세기법국“공동체”식적생활상태，즉포괄각급교사재내적소유성원도공향착동양적문화、신앙、생활방식。저시인위중세기인문적생활세계리충만료각충실제적화상상적위협，인이수요통과모충군체성적종교의식래구축저사공구，동시단결일개사군적전체성원공동면대저사곤난，우인절적광환유희정시저양적일충의식。14—15세기，심중적사회위궤동요료전통적교회화사회체계，교회개시파우인절활동구축출교당，진이금지교사삼가공공유희활동。저사연변도치중세기적“공동체”개시해체，병조성우인절재16세기중협전면쇠락。
The Feast of Fools, dominated by the churches, had been the most important carnival festival in the medieval France. The earliest definite record on the Feast of Fools appeared in the second half of the 12th Century. Its rise or cause for concern in this period might be due to two main reasons： the anxiety of the millennium as well as the beginning of the campaign toward faith ＂purification. ＂ It has been long, but wrongly, believed that the Feast of Fools was the festival for the lower clergies only. In fact, considerable evidence has proved that in the Middle-Ages, the feast encompassed supporters and participants from virtually all social strata, genders and ages, including senior clergy and the nobility. In other words, the upper classes did not reckon the vulgar carnival celebrations to be dishonorable or shameful, and they are themselves openly engaged in the same carnival games, too. This typically reflects the community-oriented lifestyle in the medieval France, in which all members shared the same cultures, beliefs and lifestyles. The fundamental reason for that is that the medieval people lived in a world full of a variety of real and imagined, natural and supernatural threats, and therefore needed to expel their fears by certain common religious rituals as well as to unite all community members to confront these difficulties. The Feast of Fools carnival games possess both of the above features, and thus were crucial for the people of the time. That explains why there was little progress for centuries despite the fact that someone had always been opposed to Feast. It was not until the 14 - 15th centuries that, when the traditional church and social systems were shaken by the Black Death, the Great Schism, the Hundred Years War and other profound social crisis, began the collapse of the traditional church and social system. New requirements were raised as to the proper conducts of the Church and the clerics. The new religious ideas, represented by nominalism, started the process of ＂rational＂ separation between religion and secular lives. In this context, the churches began to expel the Feast of Fools celebrations from its territories, followed by prohibiting clergies to participate in public plays. The Feast of Fools declined and gradually disappeared in the mid-16th Century. These developments also marked the disintegration of the traditional communities as well as the alienation and conflict between elite culture and popular culture. From then on, popular culture became synonymous to the like of vulgar or disorder, and turned in to the object of reform and repression. However, the Feast of Fools carnival still demonstrates profound positive influences on the modern culture of the West, such as expanding the cultural tension and diversity, and providing an ideological basis for the utopian theories and communal autonomy concepts.