CAJ | 학술논문

情绪记忆增强（Emotionally Enhanced Memory,EEM）效应受到刺激的唤醒度和效价的影响。Kensinger等人提出依赖于唤醒的EEM效应与自动加工相联系,依赖于效价的EEM效应与控制加工相联系。然而现有研究并不能为这一假设提供充分的证据。本研究的三个实验采用学习——再认范式和DA范式（divided attention paradigm）相结合的方法,分别考察了在两种注意条件下依赖于唤醒和依赖于效价的EEM效应在编码阶段的加工机制。结果发现,中性词、正性非唤醒词、负性非唤醒词在集中注意条件下的记忆再认成绩显著高于分散注意条件下的记忆再认成绩;正性唤醒词在集中注意条件下的记忆再认成绩也显著高于分散注意条件下的记忆再认成绩,但负性唤醒词的记忆再认成绩在两种注意条件下不存在显著差异。这表明依赖于效价的EEM效应与控制加工相联系,而依赖于唤醒的EEM效应并不总是与自动加工相联系,其加工还受到情绪效价的调节,对于负性刺激,依赖于唤醒的EEM效应与自动加工相联系;对于正性刺激,依赖于唤醒的EEM效应则与控制加工相联系。
정서기억증강（Emotionally Enhanced Memory,EEM）효응수도자격적환성도화효개적영향。Kensinger등인제출의뢰우환성적EEM효응여자동가공상련계,의뢰우효개적EEM효응여공제가공상련계。연이현유연구병불능위저일가설제공충분적증거。본연구적삼개실험채용학습——재인범식화DA범식（divided attention paradigm）상결합적방법,분별고찰료재량충주의조건하의뢰우환성화의뢰우효개적EEM효응재편마계단적가공궤제。결과발현,중성사、정성비환성사、부성비환성사재집중주의조건하적기억재인성적현저고우분산주의조건하적기억재인성적;정성환성사재집중주의조건하적기억재인성적야현저고우분산주의조건하적기억재인성적,단부성환성사적기억재인성적재량충주의조건하불존재현저차이。저표명의뢰우효개적EEM효응여공제가공상련계,이의뢰우환성적EEM효응병불총시여자동가공상련계,기가공환수도정서효개적조절,대우부성자격,의뢰우환성적EEM효응여자동가공상련계;대우정성자격,의뢰우환성적EEM효응칙여공제가공상련계。
The valence and arousal of emotional stimuli are thought to be the main factors affecting emotionally enhanced memory（EEM）.A large body of neuroimaging evidence has indicated that there is a distinction between arousal dependent amygdala hippocampal network implicated in automatic encoding processes and valence dependent prefrontal cortex（PFC） hippocampal network implicated in controlled encoding processes.In a study,Kensinger and Corkin（2004） found that distinct cognitive and neural processes contributed to the enhancement of emotional memory for arousing versus valenced,nonarousing information.However,positive emotional stimuli were not included in their experiments.Accumulating evidence has shown that negative and positive stimuli can involve different cognitive and neural processes,it is therefore that,more evidence,especially about the memory for positive emotional stimuli,is needed to make stronger claims about this hypothesis.Previous studies have proved that attentional resources have a greater impact on the controlled than the automatic processes.If controlled encoding processes were responsible for the enhancement effect for negative nonarousing items but were less important for that for arousing items,the enhancement for the negative nonarousing items should be disproportionately reduced by the divided-attention as compared to that for the arousing items.In this study,three experiments were conducted using the learning recognition and divided attention（DA） paradigm to explore the cognitive processes contributing to the EEM effects under the condition of valence（negative and positive） or arousal was anchored.All participants performed encoding tasks for emotional and neutral words in two different attentional conditions,FA（full or nondivided attention） or DA（divided attention）.After the entire learning phase was completed,they performed a rehearsal prevention task and then a recognition test.Recognition scores were computed by subtracting the false alarm rate from the hit rate（Hits-False alarms）.The results suggest that in FA condition,there exist both arousal-dependent and valence-dependent EEM effects.What is particularly important here is that there is no significant difference in the recognition scores for the negative arousing words between the two attentional conditions,but the recognition scores for the positive arousing words,negative and positive nonarousing words were significantly higher in FA condition than in DA condition.In other words,a distraction task during encoding has less influence on memory for negative arousing stimuli,but has an adverse impact on memory for both negative and positive nonarousing stimuli and positive arousing stimuli.Therefore,the EEM effect relied on valence is associated with controlled processes,whereas the EEM effect relied on arousal is mediated by the valence of the stimuli,which is associated with automatic processes for negative stimuli,but controlled processes for positive stimuli.The present findings implied that the EEM effects dependent on valence and arousal do not perfectly correspond with controlled and automatic processing.