CAJ | 학술논문

采用心理不应期研究范式，两个反应时实验检测了注意力资源分配的特征以及双任务的相互干扰机制。每次实验中，要求被试快速、相继对高低音辨别任务（T1）和Stroop任务（T2）作出选择性反应，T1和T2间采用6种不同的时间间隔（SOA），以系统考察不同SOA条件下两个任务的反应时走势。结果发现：（1）在重叠的双任务情境中，T1的中枢加工导致在T2上出现显著的PRP效应，T2的中枢反应选择对T1的反应选择和反应执行加工同样产生显著的影响。SOA以及T2的难度与复杂度实质性地影响了T1的反应选择和反应执行加工。（2）当两个任务同时需要进行中枢反应选择加工时，一个任务占用更多的注意资源将导致另一任务获得较少的注意资源，注意资源量的多寡直接决定了该任务的加工效率。（3）两个任务的加工相互影响、相互制约，这种制约机制不仅仅存在于中枢反应选择阶段，在反应执行阶段仍然存在。
채용심리불응기연구범식，량개반응시실험검측료주의력자원분배적특정이급쌍임무적상호간우궤제。매차실험중，요구피시쾌속、상계대고저음변별임무（T1）화Stroop임무（T2）작출선택성반응，T1화T2간채용6충불동적시간간격（SOA），이계통고찰불동SOA조건하량개임무적반응시주세。결과발현：（1）재중첩적쌍임무정경중，T1적중추가공도치재T2상출현현저적PRP효응，T2적중추반응선택대T1적반응선택화반응집행가공동양산생현저적영향。SOA이급T2적난도여복잡도실질성지영향료T1적반응선택화반응집행가공。（2）당량개임무동시수요진행중추반응선택가공시，일개임무점용경다적주의자원장도치령일임무획득교소적주의자원，주의자원량적다과직접결정료해임무적가공효솔。（3）량개임무적가공상호영향、상호제약，저충제약궤제불부부존재우중추반응선택계단，재반응집행계단잉연존재。
In classic Psychological-Refractory-Period （PRP） paradigms, decreasing stimulus onset asynchronies （SOA） between the two tasks typically leads to increasing reaction time （RT2） to the second task （T2）, but there is no influence on the reaction time （RT 1） to the first task （T1）. Traditionally, the causes of this interference have been considered to be the limitations of attentional resources or the inherent nature of central bottleneck. The PRP effect has been extensively studied and has been traditionally explained by Pashler＇s response selection bottleneck （RSB） model, which proposes the processing of one task consists of three stages：（1） perceptual identification stage, which selects the task-relevant stimulus and extracts relevant attributes of said stimulus; （2） response selection （bottleneck） stage, which decides upon the .appropriate motor response; （3） response execution stage, which mainly executes explicit actions. Perceptual identification stage and response execution stage were generally assumed to operate in parallel with other cognitive processing, but the bottleneck stage was assumed to operate sequentially, meaning the stage of T2 response selection was often postponed until the corresponding stage of response selection of T1 had been completed. Tombu and Jolicoeur （2003） described the Central Capacity Sharing （CCS） model, assuming that the capacity limitations of the central stags were not all or none and the processing of both tasks occurred at reducing rates due to the sharing of limited common resources. Thus, the two models had different predictions to the RT1. The RSB model assumed that T1 could get access to the bottleneck as soon as required, so RT1 remained the same at all SOA, whereas the CCS model predicted that RT1 increased with decreasing SOA. The present research used a standard PRP paradigm, in two reaction time experiments, in which participants made speeded responses to both a tone （T1） and a Stroop task （T2）, the two tasks arriving in rapid succession, and stimulus intervals presenting with varying SOA. The aim is to examine the predictions of the RSB model and the CCS model, in the meantime exploring the limitations of attentional resources and the interference mechanisms in dual-task situations. The results showed that：（1） In the overlapping tasks paradigm, when T1 was processing in the central bottleneck, the response to T2 was heavily affected by the T1, and the effect of PRP was significant. Varied SOA and different difficulty T2 information substantially influenced the response selection and response execution on T1. （2） When two tasks demanded central response selection processing at the same time, the one task using more available attention resources would lead to the other task using less attention resources. The amount of resources directly determined the processing efficiency of this task. （3） There existed interference in dual-task situations, this interference not only existed in the central response selection stage, but also existed in the stage of response execution. Taken together, RT1 effects may occur when central resources are shared between the Task 1 and Task 2 processes. These results provide strong support for CCS models of dual-task interference in the overlapping tasks paradigm.