中国人口资源与环境
中國人口資源與環境
중국인구자원여배경
China Polulation.Resources and Environment
2014年
2期
111~118
,共null页
德国 电子废弃物 回收 处理 管理
德國 電子廢棄物 迴收 處理 管理
덕국 전자폐기물 회수 처리 관리
Germany ; WEEE ; collection ; treatment ; management
电子废弃物的回收处理是循环经济建设的重要方面.本文从法律体系和管理机制两方面介绍德国对家庭产生的电子废弃物回收处理的管理经验,为我国同类电子废弃物的管理提供参考.德国电子废弃物回收处理的管理目标可归纳为三方面:①从家庭产生的废物流中将电子废弃物分离出来;②推动资源再生;③控制有毒有害物质的排放,避免人体与环境健康损害.德国电子废弃物回收处理管理体系的参与者可分为七类,其责任内容如下:①政府机关,联邦级行政机关负责政策制定,有权管理生产者注册,协调与监督回收处理过程,联邦州政府负责颁布地方法规并指定公共废物管理机构;②家庭消费者负责将电子废弃物放入专门的收集容器;③分销者可自愿协助电子废弃物的回收;④公共废物管理机构负责自家庭收集电子废弃物、管理并运营收集场所,并将电子废弃物免费移交给生产者或其代理人;⑤生产者对本企业生产的电子电器设备废弃后的生命终期管理负责,重点是通过独立或联合守法机制来承担电子废弃物的转运、运输、处理与处置的责任;⑥结算机构负责协调与监控电子废弃物的流向,分配生产者的责任份额并监督;⑦处理者应确保电子废弃物的处理达到法定再循环率与回收利用率.德国电子废弃物回收处理的管理实践呈现出五方面的特点:强调物质循环的管理理念、可操作性强的法律保障、清晰的责任分工与界定、以信息流管理为基础的实施机制、重视参与者意见的交流与反馈机制.
電子廢棄物的迴收處理是循環經濟建設的重要方麵.本文從法律體繫和管理機製兩方麵介紹德國對傢庭產生的電子廢棄物迴收處理的管理經驗,為我國同類電子廢棄物的管理提供參攷.德國電子廢棄物迴收處理的管理目標可歸納為三方麵:①從傢庭產生的廢物流中將電子廢棄物分離齣來;②推動資源再生;③控製有毒有害物質的排放,避免人體與環境健康損害.德國電子廢棄物迴收處理管理體繫的參與者可分為七類,其責任內容如下:①政府機關,聯邦級行政機關負責政策製定,有權管理生產者註冊,協調與鑑督迴收處理過程,聯邦州政府負責頒佈地方法規併指定公共廢物管理機構;②傢庭消費者負責將電子廢棄物放入專門的收集容器;③分銷者可自願協助電子廢棄物的迴收;④公共廢物管理機構負責自傢庭收集電子廢棄物、管理併運營收集場所,併將電子廢棄物免費移交給生產者或其代理人;⑤生產者對本企業生產的電子電器設備廢棄後的生命終期管理負責,重點是通過獨立或聯閤守法機製來承擔電子廢棄物的轉運、運輸、處理與處置的責任;⑥結算機構負責協調與鑑控電子廢棄物的流嚮,分配生產者的責任份額併鑑督;⑦處理者應確保電子廢棄物的處理達到法定再循環率與迴收利用率.德國電子廢棄物迴收處理的管理實踐呈現齣五方麵的特點:彊調物質循環的管理理唸、可操作性彊的法律保障、清晰的責任分工與界定、以信息流管理為基礎的實施機製、重視參與者意見的交流與反饋機製.
전자폐기물적회수처리시순배경제건설적중요방면.본문종법률체계화관리궤제량방면개소덕국대가정산생적전자폐기물회수처리적관리경험,위아국동류전자폐기물적관리제공삼고.덕국전자폐기물회수처리적관리목표가귀납위삼방면:①종가정산생적폐물류중장전자폐기물분리출래;②추동자원재생;③공제유독유해물질적배방,피면인체여배경건강손해.덕국전자폐기물회수처리관리체계적삼여자가분위칠류,기책임내용여하:①정부궤관,련방급행정궤관부책정책제정,유권관리생산자주책,협조여감독회수처리과정,련방주정부부책반포지방법규병지정공공폐물관리궤구;②가정소비자부책장전자폐기물방입전문적수집용기;③분소자가자원협조전자폐기물적회수;④공공폐물관리궤구부책자가정수집전자폐기물、관리병운영수집장소,병장전자폐기물면비이교급생산자혹기대리인;⑤생산자대본기업생산적전자전기설비폐기후적생명종기관리부책,중점시통과독립혹연합수법궤제래승담전자폐기물적전운、운수、처리여처치적책임;⑥결산궤구부책협조여감공전자폐기물적류향,분배생산자적책임빈액병감독;⑦처리자응학보전자폐기물적처리체도법정재순배솔여회수이용솔.덕국전자폐기물회수처리적관리실천정현출오방면적특점:강조물질순배적관리이념、가조작성강적법률보장、청석적책임분공여계정、이신식류관리위기출적실시궤제、중시삼여자의견적교류여반궤궤제.
Appropriate collection and treatment of waste electrical and electronic equipment ( hereinafter as WEEE) play a significant role in promoting circular economy in China. This article introduces the legal system and operation mechanism in Germany in managing collection and treatment of WEEE generated in households. WEEE management laws in Germany emphasized three goals: 1 ) to effectively separate WEEE from other household waste streams; 2) to promote resources recycling; 3 ) to prevent environmental and health hazards in the entire process. Seven types of participants are involved in the operation of the WEEE management system. Their responsibilities are as the following:the federal government formulates polices while state governments issue statutory ordinances and designate public waste management authorities (hereinafter as PuWaMAs ); private households collect WEEE into specific bins; distributors collect WEEE on a voluntary base; PuWaMAs are obliged to collect WEEE from households, operate collection sites, and hand over WEEE to producers or their agents ; producers are responsible for end-of-life management of their products, mainly including WEEE take-back, transport, treatment and disposal through individual non-selective or collective take-back scheme; the clearing house is in charge of coordinating and monitoring the flow of WEEE, allocating the responsibility of each producer and supervising their compliance; treatment operators should guarantee the minimum recycling and recovery targets are met in WEEE treatment. The collection and treatment management system of WEEE in Germany are characterized by five features: focusing on promoting substance recycling, legal foundations of high practicability, elaborate stipulation of responsibilities, an implementation mechanism based on information management, and effective platform to exchange information of different participants.