考古与文物
攷古與文物
고고여문물
Archaeology and Cultural Relics
2014年
1期
76~88
,共null页
印度宝石 阿拉伯宝石学 郑和下西洋采买的“番国宝物”
印度寶石 阿拉伯寶石學 鄭和下西洋採買的“番國寶物”
인도보석 아랍백보석학 정화하서양채매적“번국보물”
KEYWORDS：Indian Germtones, Arab Gemology, Foreign Gems imported by the Zheng He＇s Voyages
由于缺乏宝石资源，中国传统文化通常用软玉替代宝石作为装饰。唐代又将缅甸翡翠引入中国。随着佛教的传人，印度宝石开始对中国文化产生重要影响。蒙元帝国开启了中外文化交流的又一个黄金时代。随着中东、中亚穆斯林大举东迁黄河、长江流域，西方宝石及阿拉伯宝石学开始在中国流行。据史书记载，元代流行中国的西域宝石计有：红色宝石四种（红尖晶石、石榴石、锡兰石、杂色石榴石），绿色宝石三种（祖把碧、祖母绿、浅绿色祖母绿），各类刚玉七种（红宝石、优质金刚石、深蓝宝石、海蓝宝石、浅蓝刚玉、黄刚玉、白刚玉），猫眼石两种（金绿宝石、亚历山大变色石），绿松石两种（尼沙普尔绿松石、克尔曼绿松石）。明代朝贡贸易将中外文化交流推向又一巅峰。湖北钟祥明代梁庄王墓出土了数以千计的金银珠宝，不仅有世界四大名宝（金绿宝石、祖母绿、蓝宝石、红宝石），而且包括波斯出产的尼沙普尔绿松石。据我们研究，这些宝石实乃郑和下西洋在锡兰、印度、波斯采买的“诸番宝货”，当即朱瞻蝈出生、封王或大婚时永乐帝赏赐之物。
由于缺乏寶石資源，中國傳統文化通常用軟玉替代寶石作為裝飾。唐代又將緬甸翡翠引入中國。隨著彿教的傳人，印度寶石開始對中國文化產生重要影響。矇元帝國開啟瞭中外文化交流的又一箇黃金時代。隨著中東、中亞穆斯林大舉東遷黃河、長江流域，西方寶石及阿拉伯寶石學開始在中國流行。據史書記載，元代流行中國的西域寶石計有：紅色寶石四種（紅尖晶石、石榴石、錫蘭石、雜色石榴石），綠色寶石三種（祖把碧、祖母綠、淺綠色祖母綠），各類剛玉七種（紅寶石、優質金剛石、深藍寶石、海藍寶石、淺藍剛玉、黃剛玉、白剛玉），貓眼石兩種（金綠寶石、亞歷山大變色石），綠鬆石兩種（尼沙普爾綠鬆石、剋爾曼綠鬆石）。明代朝貢貿易將中外文化交流推嚮又一巔峰。湖北鐘祥明代樑莊王墓齣土瞭數以韆計的金銀珠寶，不僅有世界四大名寶（金綠寶石、祖母綠、藍寶石、紅寶石），而且包括波斯齣產的尼沙普爾綠鬆石。據我們研究，這些寶石實迺鄭和下西洋在錫蘭、印度、波斯採買的“諸番寶貨”，噹即硃瞻蟈齣生、封王或大婚時永樂帝賞賜之物。
유우결핍보석자원，중국전통문화통상용연옥체대보석작위장식。당대우장면전비취인입중국。수착불교적전인，인도보석개시대중국문화산생중요영향。몽원제국개계료중외문화교류적우일개황금시대。수착중동、중아목사림대거동천황하、장강류역，서방보석급아랍백보석학개시재중국류행。거사서기재，원대류행중국적서역보석계유：홍색보석사충（홍첨정석、석류석、석란석、잡색석류석），록색보석삼충（조파벽、조모록、천록색조모록），각류강옥칠충（홍보석、우질금강석、심람보석、해람보석、천람강옥、황강옥、백강옥），묘안석량충（금록보석、아력산대변색석），록송석량충（니사보이록송석、극이만록송석）。명대조공무역장중외문화교류추향우일전봉。호북종상명대량장왕묘출토료수이천계적금은주보，불부유세계사대명보（금록보석、조모록、람보석、홍보석），이차포괄파사출산적니사보이록송석。거아문연구，저사보석실내정화하서양재석란、인도、파사채매적“제번보화”，당즉주첨괵출생、봉왕혹대혼시영악제상사지물。
Jade had been vastly accepted by Chinese traditional culture jewellery nufactu rather than germ due to rare germtone mines which were found in ancient China.in the Northern Song dynasty, jadeite was imported from Burrm and following the popularity of Buddhism, the Indian gentone becarm very corrrron in China.Both of them strongly influenced Chinese culture.The Yuan dynasty was a golden age for Sino-Foreign Cultural Exchanges.A lot of Muslim people rrfigmted from the Middle East and Central Asia into both Yellow and Yangtze River Basins.Gems and Arab Gemology there- fore were introduced into China and corranonly accepted by Chinese culture.According to records from the historical source of The Yuan dynasty, various westem gems were rather important in China and they consisted of four kinds of red germ （spinel, gamet, chrysolite and mottled gamet）, three kinds of green gems （dark green emerald, emerald and fight green emer- ald）, seven kinds of corundum gems （ruby, fine diamond, dark sapphire, aquanrine, fight blue corundum, yellow corundum and white corundum）, two kinds of opals （chrysoberyl and alexandrite） and two kinds of turquoises （Nishapur turquoise and Kerrmn turquoise）.During the Ming dynasty the tn＇bute trade was in prosperity and the trade of germ therefore reached the peak, which can be demenstmted by over thousand pieces of foreign gem and jewellery findings from the King Liang Zhuang tomb in Hubei Province.Ameng them there are not only opals, emeralds, sapphires and rubies, but also the Nishapur turquoise germ imported from Persia.According to our cun＇ent study, these gem and jewellery findings are the treasures im- ported from the countries along the coast of Indian Ocean such as Sri Lanka, India, and Persia by the Zheng He＇s Voyages. These findings were therefore the royal rewards from Ereror Yongle to the King Liang Zhuang as his gifts of birthday, en- thronement or the wedding ceremonies.
