CAJ | 학술논문

刑事错案的成因包括直接原因、环境原因和心理原因，其中心理原因（主要表现为包括“遂道视野”、“证实偏差”等在内的各种心理偏差）对错案的形成有更根本的影响。绝大多数直接原因，如刑讯逼供、隐瞒有利于犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的证据、忽视辩护律师的合理意见等等，都是各种心理偏差的外在表现。而绝大多数环境原因，如不合理的考核方式、司法经费不足等等，之所以会导致错案，主要是因为它们强化了这些心理偏差。根据这些心理偏差对错案形成的可能影响，可以在心理学层面总结出刑事错案的形成过程及规律，而我国近年来纠正的22起刑事错案可以为此提供验证。我国有必要完善当前的刑事司法体制，以减少这些心理偏差对办案人员的影响，进而更有效地防止错案的发生。
형사착안적성인포괄직접원인、배경원인화심리원인，기중심리원인（주요표현위포괄“수도시야”、“증실편차”등재내적각충심리편차）대착안적형성유경근본적영향。절대다수직접원인，여형신핍공、은만유리우범죄혐의인、피고인적증거、홀시변호률사적합리의견등등，도시각충심리편차적외재표현。이절대다수배경원인，여불합리적고핵방식、사법경비불족등등，지소이회도치착안，주요시인위타문강화료저사심리편차。근거저사심리편차대착안형성적가능영향，가이재심이학층면총결출형사착안적형성과정급규률，이아국근년래규정적22기형사착안가이위차제공험증。아국유필요완선당전적형사사법체제，이감소저사심리편차대판안인원적영향，진이경유효지방지착안적발생。
The causes of wrongful convictions include direct causes, external causes and psychologi cal causes. The psychological causes, including tunnel vision, confirmation bias, belief persever ance, reiteration effect, hindsight bias, outcome bias, noble cause corruption, emotional attachment, motivational bias and goal pursuit, play a decisive role in producing wrongful convictions. Most of the direct causes, such as extorting confession by torture, concealing exculpatory evidence, and not ac cepting argument of counsel, are just the manifestations of these biases in criminal justice. The reason why most of the external causes, such as the unreasonable performance measurement system, the pressure on police to solve highprofile cases quickly, lack of funds, and short of hands, contribute to wrongful convictions is that they reinforce the influence of these biases on the actors of the criminal justice. The process of wrongful conviction can be conceived on the basis of the potential influence of these biases. Put simply, the investigator misclassifies an innocent man as the criminal even the evi dence against him is very weak, then he focuses too quickly or exclusively on this suspect, selects and filters the evidence that build a case for conviction, interprets the exculpatory evidence as either irrel evant or supportive of guilt, while ignoring or suppressing evidence that points away from guilt. The twenty two Chinese wrongful convictions corrected recently could be used to illustrate the way in which these biases affect the thinking and actions of police, prosecutors and judges. To minimize the influ ence of these biases on police, prosecutors and judges, so as to help the criminal justice system per form more accurately and reliably, the actors of the system should be educated and trained about the consequences, nature and effects of these biases. A variety of reasonable management and supervision practices should be adopted in police and prosecution institutions, transparency at all stages of the criminal process should be increased, and rights of defense should be better protected.