法学研究
法學研究
법학연구
Cass Journal of Law
2014年
3期
82~94
,共null页
宪法实施机制 政治化实施 法律化实施积极性实施 消极性实施
憲法實施機製 政治化實施 法律化實施積極性實施 消極性實施
헌법실시궤제 정치화실시 법률화실시적겁성실시 소겁성실시
mechanism for the enforcement of the constitution, political enforcement, legal enforce-ment, positive enforcement, negative enforcement
与许多西方国家的宪法实施模式不同，宪法审查并非中国宪法实施的主要方式。中国司法机关不能根据宪法直接审查立法的合宪性，而作为有权机关的全国人大常委会，也没有做出过宪法解释或宪法判断。这是中国宪法实施的真实状况，但不是中国宪法实施的全部。从比较法角度看，中国宪法更像一个政治纲领式的宣言，更多依靠政治化方式实施。伴随着法治化进程，中国的宪法实施逐渐由单一依靠政治化实施，过渡到政治化实施与法律化实施同步推进、相互影响的双轨制格局。宪法的政治化实施体现为执政党主导的政治动员模式，而宪法的法律化实施则是以积极性实施为主、消极性实施为辅的多元实施机制。在比较法的意义上，政治化实施和法律化实施的双轨制，可以为描述中国宪法实施提供一个理论框架。
與許多西方國傢的憲法實施模式不同，憲法審查併非中國憲法實施的主要方式。中國司法機關不能根據憲法直接審查立法的閤憲性，而作為有權機關的全國人大常委會，也沒有做齣過憲法解釋或憲法判斷。這是中國憲法實施的真實狀況，但不是中國憲法實施的全部。從比較法角度看，中國憲法更像一箇政治綱領式的宣言，更多依靠政治化方式實施。伴隨著法治化進程，中國的憲法實施逐漸由單一依靠政治化實施，過渡到政治化實施與法律化實施同步推進、相互影響的雙軌製格跼。憲法的政治化實施體現為執政黨主導的政治動員模式，而憲法的法律化實施則是以積極性實施為主、消極性實施為輔的多元實施機製。在比較法的意義上，政治化實施和法律化實施的雙軌製，可以為描述中國憲法實施提供一箇理論框架。
여허다서방국가적헌법실시모식불동，헌법심사병비중국헌법실시적주요방식。중국사법궤관불능근거헌법직접심사입법적합헌성，이작위유권궤관적전국인대상위회，야몰유주출과헌법해석혹헌법판단。저시중국헌법실시적진실상황，단불시중국헌법실시적전부。종비교법각도간，중국헌법경상일개정치강령식적선언，경다의고정치화방식실시。반수착법치화진정，중국적헌법실시축점유단일의고정치화실시，과도도정치화실시여법률화실시동보추진、상호영향적쌍궤제격국。헌법적정치화실시체현위집정당주도적정치동원모식，이헌법적법률화실시칙시이적겁성실시위주、소겁성실시위보적다원실시궤제。재비교법적의의상，정치화실시화법률화실시적쌍궤제，가이위묘술중국헌법실시제공일개이론광가。
Different from western countries, judicial review of constitutionality is not regarded as the basic method of enforcement of the Constitution in China. According to Chinese Constitution, judicial organs in China do not have the authority to directly review the constitutionality of a piece of legisla tion in accordance with the Constitution whereas the Standing Committee of the National People＇ s Congress has the authority to interpret the Constitution and review the constitutionality of the legal sys tem. From the perspective of comparative law, the Chinese Constitution is more like a declaration of political program enforced by political, rather than legal, method. However, with the construction of the rule of law, the mode of enforcement of the Chinese Constitution has been undergoing a process of gradual transition from a unitary system of political enforcement to a dualtrack system of both political and legal enforcement. The political enforcement of the constitution mainly takes the form of political mobilization led by the ruling party whereas the legal enforcement of the constitution is a pluralistic enforcement mechanism that takes positive enforcement as the main body and negative enforcement as the supplement. From the perspective of conparative law, the conception of dualtrack system pro vides a theoretical framework to describe and understand the constitutional enforcement in China.
