CAJ | 학술논문

由于单纯的物质生产对人的物化和压迫，劳动的异化问题是人类面临的一个永恒的伤痛：劳动需要拯救。尽管世界各大宗教早就开始关注这一问题并提出了各自的应对措施，但这些措施基本上都是消极的。在这一点上，唯有中国禅宗通过农禅实践找出了一条积极、有效的解决之道。这就在于农禅把生产劳动直接当成了获得精神自由的途径。农禅实践的一方面是于事见理，即通过劳动包含的全部自然、经验的内容，领会超验的理体，这就是一种精神超越；另一方面是由境入心，即透过劳动中呈现的全部外在、物质的现象，领会内在、绝对的精神本体，这就是一种精神反思。农禅实践作为这种超越和反思的辩证统一，就是现实的精神自由。在这里，正因为人通过劳动拯救了他自己，所以也使劳动本身得到了拯救。不过由于禅宗思想逐渐融入华夏自然思维传统，农禅也形成了一切现成法门，最终使其原有的超越与反思向度都消磨殆尽。农禅思想对于解决劳动异化问题的尝试对于今天的我们仍有极珍贵的启示。
유우단순적물질생산대인적물화화압박，노동적이화문제시인류면림적일개영항적상통：노동수요증구。진관세계각대종교조취개시관주저일문제병제출료각자적응대조시，단저사조시기본상도시소겁적。재저일점상，유유중국선종통과농선실천조출료일조적겁、유효적해결지도。저취재우농선파생산노동직접당성료획득정신자유적도경。농선실천적일방면시우사견리，즉통과노동포함적전부자연、경험적내용，령회초험적리체，저취시일충정신초월；령일방면시유경입심，즉투과노동중정현적전부외재、물질적현상，령회내재、절대적정신본체，저취시일충정신반사。농선실천작위저충초월화반사적변증통일，취시현실적정신자유。재저리，정인위인통과노동증구료타자기，소이야사노동본신득도료증구。불과유우선종사상축점융입화하자연사유전통，농선야형성료일절현성법문，최종사기원유적초월여반사향도도소마태진。농선사상대우해결노동이화문제적상시대우금천적아문잉유겁진귀적계시。
Because of the materialisation and oppression human suffers in the process of pure material production, the alienation of labor is an eternal pain for human-labor should be salvaged. Although religions from around the world have paid their attention to this problem from a long time ago and have offered their own solutions, most of these solutions are more or less passive. As to this problem, only the Zen religion in China, through its practice of farming Zen, has offered an active and effective solution. Fanning Zen takes labour as a way to achieve spiritual freedom. On the one hand, Farming Zen practitioners find the truth beneath the things they are working on, perceiving through all the natural objects and experiences involved in their work the transcendental existence of truth and achieving a kind of spiritual transcendence. On the other hand, practitioners try to get from the external world into their hearts, moving from all the external material phenomena involved in their work into an internal absolute spiritual existence and achieving a sense of spiritual introspection. Farming Zen is then such a dialectical blend of transcendence and introspection, and such a realistic spiritual freedom. In Farming Zen, humans save themselves through their labor, and labor itself is saved in this process. However, since Farming Zen has gradually become part of Chinese thinking, it has become a practical methodology, losing ultimately its original transcendental and introspectional dimensions. Nevertheless, the idea of Farming Zen, in its effort to address the problem of the alienation of labor, can still offer us very valuable inspirations today.