旅游学刊
旅遊學刊
여유학간
Tourism Tribune
2014年
7期
23~30
,共null页
非物质文化遗产 径山茶宴 旅游文化 真实性 光环 再发明
非物質文化遺產 徑山茶宴 旅遊文化 真實性 光環 再髮明
비물질문화유산 경산다연 여유문화 진실성 광배 재발명
intangible heritage; Jingshanchayan; tourism culture; authenticity; aura; cultural invention
文章通过对一名茶僧参与策划径山茶宴全过程的民族志研究,采用参与观察和深入访谈的研究方法,讨论和反思旅游文化背景下非物质文化遗产的再发明问题。文章从旅游文化和“真实性”的概念出发,讨论旅游研究领域对“光环”研究的缺失,提出关注文化实践中对光环的利用存在的问题,进一步探讨径山茶宴再发明过程中“谁需要真实性以及为什么”以及“如何使用真实性”两个核心问题,以期补充现有真实性讨论的局限性。笔者认为,遗产旅游文化是文化市场化的结果,具备其真实性,而遗产的光环促进着地方文化品牌的推广,径山茶宴在旅游发展背景下的遗产化过程呼吁我们反思非物质文化遗产认证存在的批量化、标准化以及文化多元性等问题。
文章通過對一名茶僧參與策劃徑山茶宴全過程的民族誌研究,採用參與觀察和深入訪談的研究方法,討論和反思旅遊文化揹景下非物質文化遺產的再髮明問題。文章從旅遊文化和“真實性”的概唸齣髮,討論旅遊研究領域對“光環”研究的缺失,提齣關註文化實踐中對光環的利用存在的問題,進一步探討徑山茶宴再髮明過程中“誰需要真實性以及為什麽”以及“如何使用真實性”兩箇覈心問題,以期補充現有真實性討論的跼限性。筆者認為,遺產旅遊文化是文化市場化的結果,具備其真實性,而遺產的光環促進著地方文化品牌的推廣,徑山茶宴在旅遊髮展揹景下的遺產化過程呼籲我們反思非物質文化遺產認證存在的批量化、標準化以及文化多元性等問題。
문장통과대일명다승삼여책화경산다연전과정적민족지연구,채용삼여관찰화심입방담적연구방법,토론화반사여유문화배경하비물질문화유산적재발명문제。문장종여유문화화“진실성”적개념출발,토론여유연구영역대“광배”연구적결실,제출관주문화실천중대광배적이용존재적문제,진일보탐토경산다연재발명과정중“수수요진실성이급위십요”이급“여하사용진실성”량개핵심문제,이기보충현유진실성토론적국한성。필자인위,유산여유문화시문화시장화적결과,구비기진실성,이유산적광배촉진착지방문화품패적추엄,경산다연재여유발전배경하적유산화과정호우아문반사비물질문화유산인증존재적비양화、표준화이급문화다원성등문제。
Based on the daily life of a Tea-monk this ethnographic research investigates the cultural aspects of the Zen tea performances known as 'Jingshanchayan' from the perspective of tourism culture.The paper explores the meaning of tourism culture linking it to heritage, and investigates the authenticity of intangible heritage as tourism develops in China.
The paper first reviews critical theorist Walter Benjamin's concept of 'authenticity' (the uniquenessnauthenticitymof the original object will disappear if it is reproduced, and it thus loses its authority) and notes the neglected term 'aura' (the force arising from the effect of an object being uniquely present in time and space). Both authenticity and aura arise from and are embedded in ritual and tradition; however, aura does not receive the same level of attention as authenticity.
The paper analyzes the concept of aura and investigates its absence in academic and practical fields. The study of aura addresses two crucial questions relating to 'who needs authenticity and why' and 'how has authenticity been used'. This is in contrast to the deeply researched question of 'what is authenticity'. The paper helps to transcend the limitation set by the current discussions on authenticity.
Jingshanchayan, one of China' s national intangible heritage projects, has attracted many tourists from across the globe, particularly from Japan, Korea and Taiwan. Based on observations made and interviews undertaken during two field research periods, the paper studies the process of authenticity changes in bidding for national intangible heritage designationand the aura of national heritage brands with the development of tourism. During the 4 month pilot study (April-July 2012) semi-structured interviews were conducted after a close relationship was established between the monks of Jingshan temple and the author. The study focused on the process of reproducing Jingshanchayan and Mingxing' s daily life related to Zen tea ceremony.
The paper explores the authenticity and aura of Jingshanchayan in the context of tourism. The original experience plays an important role in authenticity, and Jingshanchayan needs to develop in answer to market and government challenges. National heritage aura activates the promotion of local brands and city images. This attracts tourists and encourages scholars to research the heritage, both of which are beneficial for the sustainable development of culture. The study of Jingshanchayan reveals that against a background of globalization, local knowledge is a valuable resource that can satisfy the cultural curiosity of tourists. Offering heritage becomes a form of cultural performance that can help heritage sites a valuable aura and thus attract social attention. However, intangible heritage performances adjust to cater to govemment and market demands, leading to authenticity problems. The paper argues that heritage is the result of a market with its own authenticity and the aura of heritage benefits the promotion of local brands. Jingshanchayan is just one cultural practice demonstrating the appropriate use of the aura of heritage. Generally, it highlights the problems attached to the process of intangible cultural heritage certification and development, such as bulk reproduction, standardization and ignorance of cultural diversity.