学术月刊
學術月刊
학술월간
Academic Monthly
2014年
7期
157~169
,共null页
加州学派 大分流 工业资本主义
加州學派 大分流 工業資本主義
가주학파 대분류 공업자본주의
California School, Question of the "Great Divergence", industrial capitalism
欧美新一代学者(即所谓“加州学派”)认为欧亚文明的发展始终处于同一步调.中国直到18世纪仍与西方一样具有产生工业资本主义的可能。而工业资本主义率先发生在英格兰具有非常大的偶然性。其实,虽然早先的欧洲中心论(即,文艺复兴后的西方世界充满活力,而非西方地区则落后或停滞不前的论点)是完全错误的,但“加州学派”的观点也有失偏颇。具体地说,工业资本主义是在以下条件下在英格兰发生的:国家掌握了一支主导世界的海军;资产阶级拥有自主的政治和思想形态,以及高度制度化的产权;理论/形式理性和个人利益导向的工具理性主义逐渐成为精英共识;科学与技术发明不断加速发展。而这些在晚期中华帝国都没有发生。晚期中华帝国的经济繁荣得益于帝国有力的统治、务实的商业政策、庞大的人口和土地,以及长期的王朝中期繁荣。这些优势使经济发挥出了极大的潜能,但却不能为中国带来工业资本主义。
歐美新一代學者(即所謂“加州學派”)認為歐亞文明的髮展始終處于同一步調.中國直到18世紀仍與西方一樣具有產生工業資本主義的可能。而工業資本主義率先髮生在英格蘭具有非常大的偶然性。其實,雖然早先的歐洲中心論(即,文藝複興後的西方世界充滿活力,而非西方地區則落後或停滯不前的論點)是完全錯誤的,但“加州學派”的觀點也有失偏頗。具體地說,工業資本主義是在以下條件下在英格蘭髮生的:國傢掌握瞭一支主導世界的海軍;資產階級擁有自主的政治和思想形態,以及高度製度化的產權;理論/形式理性和箇人利益導嚮的工具理性主義逐漸成為精英共識;科學與技術髮明不斷加速髮展。而這些在晚期中華帝國都沒有髮生。晚期中華帝國的經濟繁榮得益于帝國有力的統治、務實的商業政策、龐大的人口和土地,以及長期的王朝中期繁榮。這些優勢使經濟髮揮齣瞭極大的潛能,但卻不能為中國帶來工業資本主義。
구미신일대학자(즉소위“가주학파”)인위구아문명적발전시종처우동일보조.중국직도18세기잉여서방일양구유산생공업자본주의적가능。이공업자본주의솔선발생재영격란구유비상대적우연성。기실,수연조선적구주중심론(즉,문예복흥후적서방세계충만활력,이비서방지구칙락후혹정체불전적론점)시완전착오적,단“가주학파”적관점야유실편파。구체지설,공업자본주의시재이하조건하재영격란발생적:국가장악료일지주도세계적해군;자산계급옹유자주적정치화사상형태,이급고도제도화적산권;이론/형식이성화개인이익도향적공구이성주의축점성위정영공식;과학여기술발명불단가속발전。이저사재만기중화제국도몰유발생。만기중화제국적경제번영득익우제국유력적통치、무실적상업정책、방대적인구화토지,이급장기적왕조중기번영。저사우세사경제발휘출료겁대적잠능,단각불능위중국대래공업자본주의。
Against the California school scholars, this essay argues that while the rise of industrial capitalism in England in the nineteenth century was not inevitable, China had no possibility to have an indigenous breakthrough to industrial capitalism in the nineteenth century or any time before or immediately after. Although commerce flourished and people in the more prosperous parts of China enjoyed high living standards, late imperial China was still a place where technological innovations were not rewarded, theoretical/formal rationalities were underdeveloped, and most importantly, Neo- Confucian state ideology faced no significant challenges and merchants were unable to use their wealth to gain significant amount of political, military and ideological power to counterbalance the power of the state. What sustained late imperial China's splendid economy was not the weakening of the Neo- Confucian ecumene and rise of bourgeoisie power in ways similar to what happened in Europe, but the empire's huge market (due to its large territory and population) and the peace provided by a long- lasting mid-dynasty political stability. China did not develop into, but rather was dragged into the age of industrialization and modernity by the forces of Western and Japanese imperialism.