CAJ | 학술논문

基于信号检测论的框架,考察不同的情绪效价以及时间间隔如何交互影响老年人在图片再认任务中的辨别力（d′）和判断标准（β）,进而影响其错误记忆。以21名老年人（女性14名）为被试,平均年龄67.17±5.03岁。根据中国老年人对国际情绪图片库（International Affective Picture System, IAPS）中图片评定的情绪参数,选出积极、消极和中性图片各60张作为学习材料。另选积极、消极和中性图片各30张作为每次再认测验的干扰材料,并且两次再认测验的干扰材料不同。短时间隔条件让老年人在图片记忆编码半个小时后完成对图片的再认测验；长时间隔条件则为在三周后完成对图片的再认测验。结果发现：1）在短时间隔条件下,β和d′共同影响虚报率；而在长时间隔条件下,只有β影响虚报率, d′不影响虚报率；2）无论是在短时还是长时间隔条件下,积极图片与消极图片的判别力 d′都没有显著差别；3）在短时间隔条件下,老年人对消极图片的β更低、虚报率更高；在长时间隔条件下,老年人对积极图片的β更低、虚报率更高。研究结果表明：老年人的错误记忆受判别力d′和判断标准β的影响。情绪效价通过作用于老年人的反应倾向（判断标准β）、而非记忆质量（判别力d′）来影响其错误记忆。时间间隔可以调节情绪效价对老年人判断标准β和错误记忆的作用,使之随时间发生反转。老年人的“积极效应”在错误记忆中可能表现为随着时间的流逝,老年人更愿意将积极信息报告为经历或学习过的信息。
기우신호검측론적광가,고찰불동적정서효개이급시간간격여하교호영향노년인재도편재인임무중적변별력（d′）화판단표준（β）,진이영향기착오기억。이21명노년인（녀성14명）위피시,평균년령67.17±5.03세。근거중국노년인대국제정서도편고（International Affective Picture System, IAPS）중도편평정적정서삼수,선출적겁、소겁화중성도편각60장작위학습재료。령선적겁、소겁화중성도편각30장작위매차재인측험적간우재료,병차량차재인측험적간우재료불동。단시간격조건양노년인재도편기억편마반개소시후완성대도편적재인측험；장시간격조건칙위재삼주후완성대도편적재인측험。결과발현：1）재단시간격조건하,β화d′공동영향허보솔；이재장시간격조건하,지유β영향허보솔, d′불영향허보솔；2）무론시재단시환시장시간격조건하,적겁도편여소겁도편적판별력 d′도몰유현저차별；3）재단시간격조건하,노년인대소겁도편적β경저、허보솔경고；재장시간격조건하,노년인대적겁도편적β경저、허보솔경고。연구결과표명：노년인적착오기억수판별력d′화판단표준β적영향。정서효개통과작용우노년인적반응경향（판단표준β）、이비기억질량（판별력d′）래영향기착오기억。시간간격가이조절정서효개대노년인판단표준β화착오기억적작용,사지수시간발생반전。노년인적“적겁효응”재착오기억중가능표현위수착시간적류서,노년인경원의장적겁신식보고위경력혹학습과적신식。
During the past decades, an increasing amount of studies have focused on the emotional effect of old adults’ memory. However, not a consensus has been reached yet on the effect of emotional valence on false memory in older adulthood. To explain this inconsistency among previous studies, the present study suggested a lack of consideration on both participants＇ memory quality and response bias. In addition, few studies have ever taken the temporal factor into account;the emotional effect of memory may alter with time. To fill this gap, the present study examined how emotional valence and time interval would influence older adults’ false memory （FM） for emotional pictures within the framework of Signal Detection Theory （SDT）. SDT allows for a simultaneous inspection on both discriminability （d′; an index of memory quality） and judgment criteria （β; an index of response bias）. Twenty-one elderly participants （aging 67.17 ± 5.03） completed a recognition memory task consisting of one learning phase and two follow-up recognition tests. The learning materials consisted of 180 pictures （60 positive, 60 negative and 60 neutral） selected from the International Affective Pictures System （IAPS）. After the learning phase, participants were asked to finish two follow-up recognition tests half an hour later （short time-interval） and three weeks later （long time-interval）, respectively. Two different sets of 90 pictures （30 positive, 30 negative and 30 neutral） selected from the IAPS were respectively used as interfering materials in the two recognition tests. It was found that （1） both discriminability （d′） and judgment criteria （β） were negatively correlated with FM （using false alarm rate as its index） in the short time-interval follow-up recognition test, suggesting a joint contribution of these two factors to FM. However, in the long time-interval recognition test, onlyβcould predict older adults’ FM, suggesting that β, rather than d′, took a critical role in FM as memory blurred with time. （2） Regardless of the length of time-interval, no evidence of distinct d＇ was revealed between negative and positive pictures. To clarify, d′might have nothing to do with the divergence of emotional effects on older adults’ FM. （3） Negative emotion caused a lowerβand a higher FM in the recognition test with a short time-interval. However, when it came to the long time-interval condition, positive emotion took a similar effect. These results altogether suggest that the emotional valence influence older adults’ FM by impacting response bias （i.e.β） but not memory quality （i.e. d′）. The effects of positive and negative valence on FM may reverse as encoding-retrieval time-interval prolongs. Specifically, when the time-interval is short, negative emotion leads to a lowerβand a higher level of FM. However, as the time-interval prolongs, it may be positive emotion that causes the same effect. In the domain of FM, older adults’ disposition for positive information, named as“the positivity effect”, may be reflected as an increasing tendency to inaccurately reconstruct positive information into their memory with time.