CAJ | 학술논문

旅游吸引物、旅游资源、旅游产品、旅游体验都是旅游学的基本概念，但是，国内旅游学术界对这些概念的认识还没有取得共识。本文在对国内外相关文献进行述评的基础上，从旅游现象的“旅游系统”本质出发，构建并应用TNPRE关系模型，从相互区别与联系的视角对四个概念的定义进行了完善。核心观点为：旅游目的地和客源地的自然、经济、社会、文化、政治、技术等方面的显著差异是旅游吸引力产生的根本原因。旅游吸引物是与客源地的自然、经济、社会、文化、政治、技术具有显著差异、且能对客源地潜在游客产生旅游吸引力的目的地事物或现象。旅游资源是旅游目的地的自然和社会中凡能对客源地产生强烈的旅游吸引力，吸引到的游客规模能达到旅游业门槛人口，可产生经济效益、社会效益和环境效益的各种事物或现象。旅游产品分为整体产品和具体产品两种类型，其中，整体旅游产品指旅游业各部门联合提供给游客的一次完整的旅游活动，具体旅游产品指旅游业各部门为满足游客吃、住、行、游、购、娱等六大方面的具体旅游活动需求而分别提供的实物或服务。整体旅游产品由具体旅游产品整合而成，但不是具体旅游产品的简单加和，两者不能等同。旅游体验有游客个体旅游体验和人类旅游体验两种内涵，其中，游客个体旅游体验指游客个体从一次完整的旅游活动过程所获得的具体旅游体验，是非常丰富、多样化和个性化的；人类旅游体验指群体旅游体验，其本质是人类精神自由的最高境界“审美”。设计旅游产品（包括整体产品和具体产品）时，要从游客个体旅游体验出发；研究人类旅游体验时，要从人类旅游体验的一般性规律着手。旅游资源开发为旅游产品的真谛是站在人类发展的高度上为游客提供可以通往“审美”境界的具体体验。旅遊吸引物、旅遊資源、旅遊產品、旅遊體驗都是旅遊學的基本概唸，但是，國內旅遊學術界對這些概唸的認識還沒有取得共識。本文在對國內外相關文獻進行述評的基礎上，從旅遊現象的“旅遊繫統”本質齣髮，構建併應用TNPRE關繫模型，從相互區彆與聯繫的視角對四箇概唸的定義進行瞭完善。覈心觀點為：旅遊目的地和客源地的自然、經濟、社會、文化、政治、技術等方麵的顯著差異是旅遊吸引力產生的根本原因。旅遊吸引物是與客源地的自然、經濟、社會、文化、政治、技術具有顯著差異、且能對客源地潛在遊客產生旅遊吸引力的目的地事物或現象。旅遊資源是旅遊目的地的自然和社會中凡能對客源地產生彊烈的旅遊吸引力，吸引到的遊客規模能達到旅遊業門檻人口，可產生經濟效益、社會效益和環境效益的各種事物或現象。旅遊產品分為整體產品和具體產品兩種類型，其中，整體旅遊產品指旅遊業各部門聯閤提供給遊客的一次完整的旅遊活動，具體旅遊產品指旅遊業各部門為滿足遊客喫、住、行、遊、購、娛等六大方麵的具體旅遊活動需求而分彆提供的實物或服務。整體旅遊產品由具體旅遊產品整閤而成，但不是具體旅遊產品的簡單加和，兩者不能等同。旅遊體驗有遊客箇體旅遊體驗和人類旅遊體驗兩種內涵，其中，遊客箇體旅遊體驗指遊客箇體從一次完整的旅遊活動過程所穫得的具體旅遊體驗，是非常豐富、多樣化和箇性化的；人類旅遊體驗指群體旅遊體驗，其本質是人類精神自由的最高境界“審美”。設計旅遊產品（包括整體產品和具體產品）時，要從遊客箇體旅遊體驗齣髮；研究人類旅遊體驗時，要從人類旅遊體驗的一般性規律著手。旅遊資源開髮為旅遊產品的真諦是站在人類髮展的高度上為遊客提供可以通往“審美”境界的具體體驗。
여유흡인물、여유자원、여유산품、여유체험도시여유학적기본개념，단시，국내여유학술계대저사개념적인식환몰유취득공식。본문재대국내외상관문헌진행술평적기출상，종여유현상적“여유계통”본질출발，구건병응용TNPRE관계모형，종상호구별여련계적시각대사개개념적정의진행료완선。핵심관점위：여유목적지화객원지적자연、경제、사회、문화、정치、기술등방면적현저차이시여유흡인력산생적근본원인。여유흡인물시여객원지적자연、경제、사회、문화、정치、기술구유현저차이、차능대객원지잠재유객산생여유흡인력적목적지사물혹현상。여유자원시여유목적지적자연화사회중범능대객원지산생강렬적여유흡인력，흡인도적유객규모능체도여유업문함인구，가산생경제효익、사회효익화배경효익적각충사물혹현상。여유산품분위정체산품화구체산품량충류형，기중，정체여유산품지여유업각부문연합제공급유객적일차완정적여유활동，구체여유산품지여유업각부문위만족유객흘、주、행、유、구、오등륙대방면적구체여유활동수구이분별제공적실물혹복무。정체여유산품유구체여유산품정합이성，단불시구체여유산품적간단가화，량자불능등동。여유체험유유객개체여유체험화인류여유체험량충내함，기중，유객개체여유체험지유객개체종일차완정적여유활동과정소획득적구체여유체험，시비상봉부、다양화화개성화적；인류여유체험지군체여유체험，기본질시인류정신자유적최고경계“심미”。설계여유산품（포괄정체산품화구체산품）시，요종유객개체여유체험출발；연구인류여유체험시，요종인류여유체험적일반성규률착수。여유자원개발위여유산품적진체시참재인류발전적고도상위유객제공가이통왕“심미”경계적구체체험。
Tourism nucleus, tourism resource, tourism product, and tourism experience are all core concept in tourism research, but the Chinese scholars have not gotten consistent opinions on them to date. After reviewing the related research papers published in China and international journals from 1976 to now, this paper presents a TNPRE relationship model to revise the definitions of the four concepts above based on the premise that the nature of tourism phenomenon is a selforganised, autonomous and delineated system composed by destinations and original places. The TNPRE relationship model is consist with three interrelated parts： the tourist original place, the tourism destination, and the tourism experience. The people in one place with travel motivation are attracted by the other place having palpable different nature, social, economic, political, cultural and/or technology elements, environ ment and phenomenon, that made one place becoming the tourist original place and the other place becoming the tourism destination. In other words, the tourist original place and the tourism destination are linked together by sus tained tourist flows between them. The tourist flows then became the tourism market for the tourism industry, which earn money from the tourist market through selling tourism products, the palpable different nature, social, econom ic, political, cultural and/or technology elements, environment and phenomenon became the tourism nucleus and some of the tourism nucleus became the tourism resource because they can attracting a large number of tourists for the tourism industry. The tourism products for the tourists are different experience got from the tourism activities in tourism destination such as eating style diet, living special hotel, going sightseeing, shopping and so on. But for tourism industry, the tourism products are the hotel bed, tourism attraction, souvenir, and so on. The main conclusions are as follow： The notable differences of nature, social, economic, political, cultural and/or technology elements between destinations and original places are the fundamental reasons for the tourism at traction and for the reasons why people travelling from one place to another; The tourism nucleus are any feature or characteristic of a destination that the travelers contemplate visiting or actually visits, and the tourism resources are some parts of the tourism nucleus that could attract a large number of tourists from other places which attained the economic threshold of the tourism industry. The tourism product can be differentiated into two levels, one is the total level and the other one is the specific level. The total produce prefers to the complete experience that a person getting from one time travelling and the special product prefers to the goods and materials, includes service that a tourism company offered to the tourists from the original places. The total products are synthesized with specific products through the tourists＇ tourism experience, the same as the elements composed the system, in other words is the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. The tourist＇ s individual experiences are special, diversi fied and personal, but the nature of the human tourism experiences is aesthetic nature. As a concept of tourism research, the tourism experience should be studied from two different levels： one is individual experience and an other is human being experience. When designing the tourism products, more attention should be pay to the indi vidual tourism experiences, but when research on human being＇s tourism experiences, more attention should be pay to the general rule of human being experiences. The true essence of tourism product development is to design the concrete tourism experiences that could provided the tourists the aesthetic experience from nature, society, econo my, culture, polity and technology and could contribute to human progress.