心理科学
心理科學
심이과학
Psychological Science
2014年
4期
862~866
,共null页
驾驶员 驾驶决策 决策改善 研究范式
駕駛員 駕駛決策 決策改善 研究範式
가사원 가사결책 결책개선 연구범식
driver, driving, decision - making, the improvement of decision - making, research paradigm
驾驶决策是驾驶员对不同交通场景进行判断、选择,并产生驾驶行为的过程。驾驶决策的研究起源于人因工程学,并随着认知心理学的发展而逐渐受到关注。驾驶决策的研究范式主要采用心理测量与实验法;并与年龄、性别、风险感知、情绪以及决策风格相关;为了有效防止交通事故的发生,驾驶决策的改善逐步成为研究的新热点。今后的研究可以从认知与情绪角度综合探讨适合中国国情的驾驶决策的结构与特征,以提高驾驶员的决策能力。
駕駛決策是駕駛員對不同交通場景進行判斷、選擇,併產生駕駛行為的過程。駕駛決策的研究起源于人因工程學,併隨著認知心理學的髮展而逐漸受到關註。駕駛決策的研究範式主要採用心理測量與實驗法;併與年齡、性彆、風險感知、情緒以及決策風格相關;為瞭有效防止交通事故的髮生,駕駛決策的改善逐步成為研究的新熱點。今後的研究可以從認知與情緒角度綜閤探討適閤中國國情的駕駛決策的結構與特徵,以提高駕駛員的決策能力。
가사결책시가사원대불동교통장경진행판단、선택,병산생가사행위적과정。가사결책적연구기원우인인공정학,병수착인지심이학적발전이축점수도관주。가사결책적연구범식주요채용심리측량여실험법;병여년령、성별、풍험감지、정서이급결책풍격상관;위료유효방지교통사고적발생,가사결책적개선축보성위연구적신열점。금후적연구가이종인지여정서각도종합탐토괄합중국국정적가사결책적결구여특정,이제고가사원적결책능력。
Driving decision - making is a process where drivers make the right driving choices and behave accordingly by responding todifferent traffic situations. It derives from Ergonomics and its inevitable tools are computers. Accordingly, driving - related problemswill be solved through the interactive way between human and machine. With the development of Cognitive Psychology, the relevant re-searches have been connected with psychology and became the centre of traffic psychology in recent years. In the course of studies, the re-searchers began to emphasize the role that drivers' psychological factors played in driving decision - making, and to explore the mechanismon how it works. The most important thing is to figure out what psychology can do in improving the driving decision - making ability. The studies of driving decision - making have gone through three periods behavior modeling, psychological measurements and em-pirical research. Driving decision - making was put forward for the first time in the period of behavior modeling, when the researchersadded motivational factors in driving behavior based on Ergonomics. Then, in the period of psychological measurements, the studies fo-cused on analyzing the factors that affected driving decision - making by constructing scales. Due to the improvements of the experimen-tal methods, the researchers began to use behavioral experiments, eye movements or EEG to analyze the structure of driving decision -making in the period of empirical research. It was in this period that the researchers achieved some fruitful results. They came to a con-clusion that its structure was in line with the dual decision - making model, and it was, at the same time, affected by both cognitive andemotional factors. The previous studies have revealed that driving decision - making was influenced by age, gender, risk perception, emotion as wellas decision -making style. Generally speaking, in driving, young drivers will take more risk than adults, female drivers' decision -making are more prone to be affected by emotion. In the Iowa Gambling Task, female drivers' neural activities are more active. Driver,whose risk perception ability is higher, is easier to make correct driving decisions and they tend to have less risky behaviors. When theemotional state reaches to a critical level, it will affect the decision - making, too. Decision - making style is the habitual way of behav-ior; it has a stable impact on the process of making decisions in different traffic situations. The purpose of traffic psychology is to prevent accidents and decrease the lost of casualty, thus making the improvements of drivingdecision - making a newly - emerged endeavor in China. Improving drivers' risk perception ability, as has been proved in some studiesoverseas, is a possible and tentative way. In the future, researchers should further the studies by focusing on the following three as-pects: (a) analyze its structure and process from a cognitive or emotional perspective; (b) improve driving decision- making abilitythrough training; (c) explore its features under the context of China's unique traffic culture so as to make it serve our drivers as early aspossible.