CAJ | 학술논문

框架效应指人们对一个客观上相同问题的不同描述有不同反应的现象。近年来的认知神经研究发现框架效应的产生，可能源白以杏仁核为代表的情纬过程，而以前扣带回与前额叶皮层为代表的认知过程对此可能起到抑制与监控的作用。单侧化研究揭示了大脑两半球所擅长的不同思维方式也可能对框架效应产生影响。未来的研究应整合框架效应的神经机制与理论解释、探索框架效应的领域特异性片探究框架效应的产生根源。
광가효응지인문대일개객관상상동문제적불동묘술유불동반응적현상。근년래적인지신경연구발현광가효응적산생，가능원백이행인핵위대표적정위과정，이이전구대회여전액협피층위대표적인지과정대차가능기도억제여감공적작용。단측화연구게시료대뇌량반구소천장적불동사유방식야가능대광가효응산생영향。미래적연구응정합광가효응적신경궤제여이론해석、탐색광가효응적영역특이성편탐구광가효응적산생근원。
A central tenet of rational decision - making is logical consistency across decisions, regardless of the manner in which avail-able choices are presented. This assumption, known as invariance, which is a fundamental axiom of the normal decision - making theo-ry, is challenged by a wealth of empirical data. Kahneman and Tversky originally described this deviation from rational decision - mak-ing, which they termed as the framing effect. The framing effect refers to the phenomenon that people respond differently to the sameproblem with different but objectively equivalent descriptions, which is a hot area of research for behavioral decision - making. Re-searchers put forward a series of terms to distinguish different kinds of valence framing effects, such as the risky choice framing effect,the attribute framing effect and the goal framing effect. At present, advanced noninvasive neuroimaging techniques, like fMRI, allow re-searchers to directly observe brain activities while subjects are finishing the framing tasks, which contributed greatly to our understand-ing of brain mechanisms of the framing effect. Results from neuroimaging indicate that the framing effect may be a joint result of emo-tional processing and cognitive processing. Furthermore, emotional processing is controlled by amygdala, while anterior cingulate cortex（ACC） and prefrontal cortex （PFC） play dominant roles in cognitive processing. The PFC may incorporate inputs from the amygdala,which represents the motivational value of choices. This allows the PFC to integrate and evaluate the incentive value of predicted out-comes in order to guide future behaviors. Findings from various studies support a model in which the OMPFC evaluates and integrates e-motional and cognitive information, thus underpinning more rational （ i. e. , description - invariant） behaviors. Although neuroimagingdata show an association between amygdala and the framing effect, this correlation does not imply causation. A lesion study found thatthe framing effect persisted even in the patients who had bilateral amygdala lesions, indicating a complementary system in generating theframing effect. Here, we propose that insula may partly contribute to the persistence of the framing effect found in the bilateral amygdala- lesioned patients. Results from different studies also suggest that the functions of the ACC and the PFC in framing effect may vary bydifferent contexts or the frame type. Specifically, an fMRI study found participants reveal the framing effect with activation in the PFCwhen frames were involved in the life - death decision problems. Others showed that the PFC and the ACC might partly contribute to theframing effect rather than resisting it when using different types of frames as experimental material. They found that participants weresusceptible to framing, and the levels of activity in the ACC and the PFC were linearly related. Besides, resuhs from lateralizationshowed that the framing effect could be influenced by different thinking styles of brain hemispheres. Specifically, a significant framingeffect could be found when right, but not left, hemisphere processing was initially enhanced. The results supported differential process-ing of contextual information, which could be regarded as the best explanation of the lateralization of framed information. When it ispresented to the right - contextual hemisphere, a significant effect of framing can be found. But when the same messages are presentedto the left - inferential hemisphere, little or no framing effect will emerge. In order to get a full understanding of the faming effect, fur-ther research is expected to integrate neural mechanisms and theory explanations to explore its domain specificity and its origin.