体育科学
體育科學
체육과학
China Sport Science
2014年
10期
39~51
,共null页
儿童 熟练者 初学者 动作程序 背景干扰 动作技能学习
兒童 熟練者 初學者 動作程序 揹景榦擾 動作技能學習
인동 숙련자 초학자 동작정서 배경간우 동작기능학습
children; skilled; unskilled; motor program; contextual interference; motor learning
基于目前国外关于＂背景干扰效应＂相关研究成果的不足,分别选取乒乓球发球技能和篮球传球技能作为实验操作任务进行两个现场应用研究,从操作任务性质（动作任务程序相同与否）和个体角度（年龄和技能熟练程度）探讨不同练习组织方式对儿童动作技能学习影响的变化规律,并进一步验证动作技能学习中的＂背景干扰效应＂假说。研究1：选取30名年龄12-14岁、平均训练经历3-4年男乒乓球运动员作为研究对象,以乒乓球正手发下旋球、正手发上旋球以及正手发侧下旋球3种发球动作作为操作任务,对3组被试分别进行技能习得测试、48h保持测试和迁移测试。研究2：选取45名年龄11-12岁儿童初学者作为被试对象,以篮球双手胸前传球作为操作任务,选取绝对误差（AE）、绝对常数误差（ACE）和变异误差（VE）作为评价指标,对3组被试分别进行技能习得测试、48h保持测试和迁移测试。儿童技能熟练者在同一训练单元中练习不同动作程序技能时存在＂背景干扰效应＂。1）对于儿童技能熟练者,以巩固动作技能为目的,教练或教师应多选用对儿童练习干扰较低的练习方式;以提高儿童动作技能灵活性和比赛适应性为目的,应多选取练习干扰较高的练习方式。儿童技能熟练者学习不同动作程序动作技能时,在动作技能学习不同阶段选取适宜的练习方式,以保证在整个动作技能学习过程中始终能为儿童技能熟练者匹配最佳的操作难度技能,提高动作技能练习效率。2）儿童技能初学者在同一训练单元中学习相同动作程序技能时没有出现＂背景干扰效应＂。对于儿童技能初学者,学习以改变相对速度、力量、时间等参数这类的相同动作程序动作技能时,在选取固定练习方式的基础上,适当增加练习的变异性有利于儿童动作技能表现水平的提高和保持以及对未来操作情境的适应。渐进练习方式在儿童动作技能学习过程中始终能为儿童匹配最佳功能性难度任务,不仅有利于儿童掌握动作技能,而且,有利于儿童对动作技能的记忆表征和动作计划的重新构建,是儿童初学者学习动作技能的最佳练习方式。
基于目前國外關于＂揹景榦擾效應＂相關研究成果的不足,分彆選取乒乓毬髮毬技能和籃毬傳毬技能作為實驗操作任務進行兩箇現場應用研究,從操作任務性質（動作任務程序相同與否）和箇體角度（年齡和技能熟練程度）探討不同練習組織方式對兒童動作技能學習影響的變化規律,併進一步驗證動作技能學習中的＂揹景榦擾效應＂假說。研究1：選取30名年齡12-14歲、平均訓練經歷3-4年男乒乓毬運動員作為研究對象,以乒乓毬正手髮下鏇毬、正手髮上鏇毬以及正手髮側下鏇毬3種髮毬動作作為操作任務,對3組被試分彆進行技能習得測試、48h保持測試和遷移測試。研究2：選取45名年齡11-12歲兒童初學者作為被試對象,以籃毬雙手胸前傳毬作為操作任務,選取絕對誤差（AE）、絕對常數誤差（ACE）和變異誤差（VE）作為評價指標,對3組被試分彆進行技能習得測試、48h保持測試和遷移測試。兒童技能熟練者在同一訓練單元中練習不同動作程序技能時存在＂揹景榦擾效應＂。1）對于兒童技能熟練者,以鞏固動作技能為目的,教練或教師應多選用對兒童練習榦擾較低的練習方式;以提高兒童動作技能靈活性和比賽適應性為目的,應多選取練習榦擾較高的練習方式。兒童技能熟練者學習不同動作程序動作技能時,在動作技能學習不同階段選取適宜的練習方式,以保證在整箇動作技能學習過程中始終能為兒童技能熟練者匹配最佳的操作難度技能,提高動作技能練習效率。2）兒童技能初學者在同一訓練單元中學習相同動作程序技能時沒有齣現＂揹景榦擾效應＂。對于兒童技能初學者,學習以改變相對速度、力量、時間等參數這類的相同動作程序動作技能時,在選取固定練習方式的基礎上,適噹增加練習的變異性有利于兒童動作技能錶現水平的提高和保持以及對未來操作情境的適應。漸進練習方式在兒童動作技能學習過程中始終能為兒童匹配最佳功能性難度任務,不僅有利于兒童掌握動作技能,而且,有利于兒童對動作技能的記憶錶徵和動作計劃的重新構建,是兒童初學者學習動作技能的最佳練習方式。
기우목전국외관우＂배경간우효응＂상관연구성과적불족,분별선취핑퐁구발구기능화람구전구기능작위실험조작임무진행량개현장응용연구,종조작임무성질（동작임무정서상동여부）화개체각도（년령화기능숙련정도）탐토불동연습조직방식대인동동작기능학습영향적변화규률,병진일보험증동작기능학습중적＂배경간우효응＂가설。연구1：선취30명년령12-14세、평균훈련경력3-4년남핑퐁구운동원작위연구대상,이핑퐁구정수발하선구、정수발상선구이급정수발측하선구3충발구동작작위조작임무,대3조피시분별진행기능습득측시、48h보지측시화천이측시。연구2：선취45명년령11-12세인동초학자작위피시대상,이람구쌍수흉전전구작위조작임무,선취절대오차（AE）、절대상수오차（ACE）화변이오차（VE）작위평개지표,대3조피시분별진행기능습득측시、48h보지측시화천이측시。인동기능숙련자재동일훈련단원중연습불동동작정서기능시존재＂배경간우효응＂。1）대우인동기능숙련자,이공고동작기능위목적,교련혹교사응다선용대인동연습간우교저적연습방식;이제고인동동작기능령활성화비새괄응성위목적,응다선취연습간우교고적연습방식。인동기능숙련자학습불동동작정서동작기능시,재동작기능학습불동계단선취괄의적연습방식,이보증재정개동작기능학습과정중시종능위인동기능숙련자필배최가적조작난도기능,제고동작기능연습효솔。2）인동기능초학자재동일훈련단원중학습상동동작정서기능시몰유출현＂배경간우효응＂。대우인동기능초학자,학습이개변상대속도、역량、시간등삼수저류적상동동작정서동작기능시,재선취고정연습방식적기출상,괄당증가연습적변이성유리우인동동작기능표현수평적제고화보지이급대미래조작정경적괄응。점진연습방식재인동동작기능학습과정중시종능위인동필배최가공능성난도임무,불부유리우인동장악동작기능,이차,유리우인동대동작기능적기억표정화동작계화적중신구건,시인동초학자학습동작기능적최가연습방식。
Objective：Based on the results of contextual interference effect of abroad,by selecting table tennis serve and two hand pass starting from the chest of basketball as the task to do two field researches.From tasks character（motor program same or not）and individual（age,skilled or not）to discuss the effect of different practice schedules to children motor learning and further verify the hypothesis of contextual interference effect.Method：Experiment 1By selecting thirty aged 12-14years old,average training experience 3-4years,male table tennis players as the research object,table tennis forehand backspin service,the forehand topspin serve and forehand side backspin serve as the task,we have tests respectively for three groups during the stage of acquisition,48h-retention and transfer.Experiment 2By selecting forty five 11 to 12-yr old children as the participants,two hand pass starting from the chest of basketball as the task and absolute error、absolute constant error、variable error as the evaluation index,we have tests respectively for three groups during the stage of acquisition,48h-retention and transfer.Conclusion：It has verified the hypothesis of contextual interference effect when experienced children learned the different motor program motor skills in the same practice section.Learning different motor program motor skill for skilled learner,it should be selected appropriate practice schedule to ensure match suitable task difficulty and improve efficiency of learning.Selecting lower interference practice schedule is beneficial for children to master basic motor skill;Selecting higher interference practice schedule is beneficial for children to improve the mobility of motor skills and the adaption to match.It did not verify the hypothesis of contextual interference effect when children learned the same motor program motor skills.Learning the same general program motor skills which changing parameters of relative speed,power andtime,children based on invariant practice schedule and appropriate to increase the variability of practice which is not only beneficial for children to improving motor skills,but also maintaining the skills longer and adapting to the future motor environment.Systematically increasing practice is the best practice schedule to children in motor learning which can offer suitable functional difficulty tasks to children for learning skills,it is not only beneficial for children to developing and strengthening their movement model but also helping children memory representation and constructing action plan of motor skills.
