CAJ | 학술논문

大多数教育工作者都认为问题解决很重要，但是他们对什么是问题解决持有不同观点，在怎样教给学生问题解决的本领上也没有达成一致意见。各种不同观点主要集中于将问题解决视为教育目标、教育方法以及技能训练之间的差异问题上。其一，目标型问题解决不应只限于良构问题解决，而应该延伸到现实问题解决；其二，对初学者来说，方法型问题解决有其明显的局限性，给予这些学习者足够帮助，对于培养他们的问题解决能力具有重要作用；其三，技能型问题解决不应被看作是只在培养专长过程的初期才会出现，而应被视为在系统1模式与系统2模式中平行发展的一个过程。总结以上观点，综合学习设计模式完全可以用来促进此三种类型的问题解决，并其本回答了问题解决最好应该怎样教的问题。
대다수교육공작자도인위문제해결흔중요，단시타문대십요시문제해결지유불동관점，재즘양교급학생문제해결적본령상야몰유체성일치의견。각충불동관점주요집중우장문제해결시위교육목표、교육방법이급기능훈련지간적차이문제상。기일，목표형문제해결불응지한우량구문제해결，이응해연신도현실문제해결；기이，대초학자래설，방법형문제해결유기명현적국한성，급여저사학습자족구방조，대우배양타문적문제해결능력구유중요작용；기삼，기능형문제해결불응피간작시지재배양전장과정적초기재회출현，이응피시위재계통1모식여계통2모식중평행발전적일개과정。총결이상관점，종합학습설계모식완전가이용래촉진차삼충류형적문제해결，병기본회답료문제해결최호응해즘양교적문제。
Most educators claim that problem solving is important, but they take very different perspective on it and there is little agreement on how it should be taught. This article aims to sort out the different perspectives and discusses problem solving as a goal, a method, and a skill. As a goal, problem solving should not be limited to well-structured problem solving but be extended to real-life problem solving. As a method, problem solving has clear limitations for novice learners; providing ample support to learners is of utmost importance for helping them to develop problem-solving skills. As a skill, problem solving should not be seen as something that only occurs in the early phases of a process of expertise development but as a process that develops in parallel in System 1 and System 2. The four-component instructional design model （4C/ID） is briefly discussed as an approach that is fully consistent with the conceptualization described in this article and as a preliminary answer to the question how problem solving is best taught.