中国人口资源与环境
中國人口資源與環境
중국인구자원여배경
China Polulation.Resources and Environment
2014年
9期
75~83
,共null页
区域能耗责任 区域能源效率 利益原则 多区域投入产出模型
區域能耗責任 區域能源效率 利益原則 多區域投入產齣模型
구역능모책임 구역능원효솔 이익원칙 다구역투입산출모형
regional energy consumption responsibility; regional energy efficiency; benefit principle; multi-regional input - outputmodel
我国区域间存在广泛而密切的经济关系.任何一个区域的能源消耗既满足了本地区的生产和生活需要,同时又支撑了其他地区的经济活动.科学、公平地核算区域能耗责任不仅有助于识别各区域对全国能耗的贡献,也有利于制定有效的跨区域能源政策.由于各类经济主体使用能源的动机是为了获得各种经济利益,因此利益原则被普遍认为是能耗责任核算的基本原则.不过,利益原则的具体含义并不是单一的.根据经济利益的类型,利益原则可区分为生产原则、收入原则、消费原则等三种基本原则及由它们衍生出来的收入加权原则、消费加权原则、综合利益原则及加权综合利益原则等四种共担责任原则.鉴于多区域投入产出（MRIO）模型是刻画各区域之间深刻的经济关联和各种经济利益的有力工具,本文基于MRRIO模型建立了各种利益原则下的区域能耗责任核算框架,并将之用于分析中国的省际能源效率和能耗责任.结果表明：不同省份同一产业的能源效率差异显著.各省在不同原则下的能源效率和能耗责任也都具有显著差异.不过,不管采用哪种原则,传统能源密集型产业比重较大的省份（如宁夏、贵州、青海、山西和内蒙古）总是具有较低的能源效率,而一些沿海省份（如浙江、北京、广东、上海、江苏等）的能源效率总是较高同时,经济规模较大的省份（如广东、江苏、山东）总是具有较大的能耗责任,而经济规模较小的省份（如海南、宁夏、青海）总是具有较小的能耗责任.这些发现具有丰富的政策含义：①宁夏、贵州、青海、山西、内蒙古、新疆、甘肃和云南等能源密集型产业比重较大的省份,以及河北、湖北、湖南、广西等生产责任大于其他责任的省份,其节能的重点在于优化生产方式.②北京、天津、吉林、上海、江苏、浙江、安徽、福建、江西、广东、重庆、四川等消费责任或消费加权责任相对于其他责任较大的省份,其节能政策重点在于优化消费模式并尽可能从能源效率更高的地区调入同类产品.③黑龙江、海南、山东、陕西、辽宁、河南等收入责任或收入加权责任相对其他责任较大的地区,应在积极优化生产方式的同时更多的向能源效率更高的地区调出产品 当然,无论那个区域的节能战略都应包含生产、流通、消费等多个领域的措施,只不过它们的侧重点不同而己.同时,我国还需要努力打破地方贸易壁垒,形成统一的国内市场,使各地区能通过公平竞争充分发挥自己的比较优势,促进跨区域的产业结构优化.
我國區域間存在廣汎而密切的經濟關繫.任何一箇區域的能源消耗既滿足瞭本地區的生產和生活需要,同時又支撐瞭其他地區的經濟活動.科學、公平地覈算區域能耗責任不僅有助于識彆各區域對全國能耗的貢獻,也有利于製定有效的跨區域能源政策.由于各類經濟主體使用能源的動機是為瞭穫得各種經濟利益,因此利益原則被普遍認為是能耗責任覈算的基本原則.不過,利益原則的具體含義併不是單一的.根據經濟利益的類型,利益原則可區分為生產原則、收入原則、消費原則等三種基本原則及由它們衍生齣來的收入加權原則、消費加權原則、綜閤利益原則及加權綜閤利益原則等四種共擔責任原則.鑒于多區域投入產齣（MRIO）模型是刻畫各區域之間深刻的經濟關聯和各種經濟利益的有力工具,本文基于MRRIO模型建立瞭各種利益原則下的區域能耗責任覈算框架,併將之用于分析中國的省際能源效率和能耗責任.結果錶明：不同省份同一產業的能源效率差異顯著.各省在不同原則下的能源效率和能耗責任也都具有顯著差異.不過,不管採用哪種原則,傳統能源密集型產業比重較大的省份（如寧夏、貴州、青海、山西和內矇古）總是具有較低的能源效率,而一些沿海省份（如浙江、北京、廣東、上海、江囌等）的能源效率總是較高同時,經濟規模較大的省份（如廣東、江囌、山東）總是具有較大的能耗責任,而經濟規模較小的省份（如海南、寧夏、青海）總是具有較小的能耗責任.這些髮現具有豐富的政策含義：①寧夏、貴州、青海、山西、內矇古、新疆、甘肅和雲南等能源密集型產業比重較大的省份,以及河北、湖北、湖南、廣西等生產責任大于其他責任的省份,其節能的重點在于優化生產方式.②北京、天津、吉林、上海、江囌、浙江、安徽、福建、江西、廣東、重慶、四川等消費責任或消費加權責任相對于其他責任較大的省份,其節能政策重點在于優化消費模式併儘可能從能源效率更高的地區調入同類產品.③黑龍江、海南、山東、陝西、遼寧、河南等收入責任或收入加權責任相對其他責任較大的地區,應在積極優化生產方式的同時更多的嚮能源效率更高的地區調齣產品 噹然,無論那箇區域的節能戰略都應包含生產、流通、消費等多箇領域的措施,隻不過它們的側重點不同而己.同時,我國還需要努力打破地方貿易壁壘,形成統一的國內市場,使各地區能通過公平競爭充分髮揮自己的比較優勢,促進跨區域的產業結構優化.
아국구역간존재엄범이밀절적경제관계.임하일개구역적능원소모기만족료본지구적생산화생활수요,동시우지탱료기타지구적경제활동.과학、공평지핵산구역능모책임불부유조우식별각구역대전국능모적공헌,야유리우제정유효적과구역능원정책.유우각류경제주체사용능원적동궤시위료획득각충경제이익,인차이익원칙피보편인위시능모책임핵산적기본원칙.불과,이익원칙적구체함의병불시단일적.근거경제이익적류형,이익원칙가구분위생산원칙、수입원칙、소비원칙등삼충기본원칙급유타문연생출래적수입가권원칙、소비가권원칙、종합이익원칙급가권종합이익원칙등사충공담책임원칙.감우다구역투입산출（MRIO）모형시각화각구역지간심각적경제관련화각충경제이익적유력공구,본문기우MRRIO모형건립료각충이익원칙하적구역능모책임핵산광가,병장지용우분석중국적성제능원효솔화능모책임.결과표명：불동성빈동일산업적능원효솔차이현저.각성재불동원칙하적능원효솔화능모책임야도구유현저차이.불과,불관채용나충원칙,전통능원밀집형산업비중교대적성빈（여저하、귀주、청해、산서화내몽고）총시구유교저적능원효솔,이일사연해성빈（여절강、북경、엄동、상해、강소등）적능원효솔총시교고동시,경제규모교대적성빈（여엄동、강소、산동）총시구유교대적능모책임,이경제규모교소적성빈（여해남、저하、청해）총시구유교소적능모책임.저사발현구유봉부적정책함의：①저하、귀주、청해、산서、내몽고、신강、감숙화운남등능원밀집형산업비중교대적성빈,이급하북、호북、호남、엄서등생산책임대우기타책임적성빈,기절능적중점재우우화생산방식.②북경、천진、길림、상해、강소、절강、안휘、복건、강서、엄동、중경、사천등소비책임혹소비가권책임상대우기타책임교대적성빈,기절능정책중점재우우화소비모식병진가능종능원효솔경고적지구조입동류산품.③흑룡강、해남、산동、협서、료녕、하남등수입책임혹수입가권책임상대기타책임교대적지구,응재적겁우화생산방식적동시경다적향능원효솔경고적지구조출산품 당연,무론나개구역적절능전략도응포함생산、류통、소비등다개영역적조시,지불과타문적측중점불동이기.동시,아국환수요노력타파지방무역벽루,형성통일적국내시장,사각지구능통과공평경쟁충분발휘자기적비교우세,촉진과구역적산업결구우화.
There are common and deep economic relationships between regions in China, thus the energy consumption of each region not only satisfies the requirement of production and consumption in each region but also supports economic activities in other regions. Scientifically and fairly accounting regional responsibility for energy consumption is not only helpful for identifying the contributions of each region to total energy consumption in China but also useful for designing efficient inter-regional energy policies. Because motivations of various economic agents consuming energy consumption are acquiring various kinds of benefit, the benefit principle is commonly regarded as the basic principle of accounting responsibility for energy consumption. However, the specific meaning of benefit principle is not single. According to the types of benefit, the benefit principle can be categorized as three primary principles, including the production principle, the income principle and the consumption principle, and four shared responsibility principles, including the income weighted principle, the consumption weighted principle, the comprehensive principle and the weighted comprehensive principles, which are derived from the primary principles. Considering that the multi-regional input-output （MRIO） model is a powerful tool for describing the deeply economic relationship between regions and various kinds of benefit, this paper proposes a framework for accounting responsibility for energy consumption at the regional level according to various benefit principles, using the MRIO model, and applies it to analyze the energy efficiency and responsibility for energy consumption at the provincial level in China. The results indicate that the energy efficiencies of the same sector in different provinces are significantly different from each other. For each province, its efficiencies and responsibilities under different principles are significantly different for each other. However, the energy efficiencies of provinces （ such as Ningxia, Guizhou, Qinghai, Shanxi and Inner Mongolia） with high proportions of classical energy intensive industries are always ranked lower, whereas the efficiencies of coastal provinces （such as Zhejiang, Beijing, Guangdong, Shanghai and Jiangsu） are always ranked higher, irrespective to the principles. At the same time, the responsibilities of provinces with larger economic sizes （such as Guangdong, Jiangsu and Shandong） are always very large, whereas those of provinces with smaller economic sizes （such as Hainan, Ningxia and Qinghai ） are always very small. These findings have abundant policy implications. First, the key point of energy conservation for those regions with higher share of intensive industries, including Ningxia, Guizhou, Qinghai, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Gansu and Yunnan, and the provinces whose production responsibilities are higher than their other responsibilities, including Hebei, Hubei, Hunan and Guangxi, is optimize the mode of production. Second, the major policy for energy conservation in those provinces whose consumption or consumption weighted responsibilities are higher than their other responsibilities, including Beijing, Tianjin, Jilin, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Chongqing and Sichuan, is optimizing consumption pattern and purchasing products from regions with higher energy efficiency as far as possible. Third, the regions whose income or income weighted responsibilities are higher than their other responsibilities, including Heilongjiang, Hainan, Shandong, Shanxi, Liaoning and Henan, should optimize the mode of production as well as sell more products to regions with higher energy efficiency. But of course the energy conservation strategies of each region should cover measures including production, selling and consumption, and they just emphasize different areas. At the same time, China should make efforts to break the regional trade barrier to build a uniform domestic market, enable each province to exert their comparative advantages through fair competition and promote industrial structure optimization across regions.
