CAJ | 학술논문

以善恶为结果的道德评判一般都离不开动机和效果，但是，在如何认定善恶的根据上，道德评判却区分出动机论、效果论和统一论。动机论的前提预设是动机是可以认知的公共对象，但实际上，动机却具有私人性质；而如果坚持把具有私人属性的动机作为有效的道德评判根据，这可能会导致善意害人的道德悖论。动机论的这两种困境使得它难以成为道德评判的有效性根据。效果论存在两个预设，其直接的预设是：效果是可以被公共认知的对象；其生理性的预设是：人人具有相同的感知能力。实际上，人们的感知能力并不完全一致。这就使效果论作为道德评判根据的有效性大大降低。统一论把动机和效果结合起来作为道德评判的根据，但是，由于动机的复杂性和效果的多样性，统一论作为道德评判的有效性根据仍然存在某些困难。对道德评判根据的有效性的质疑，并没有否定动机、效果以及二者的统一性在道德教育中的价值和道德评判中的作用。
이선악위결과적도덕평판일반도리불개동궤화효과，단시，재여하인정선악적근거상，도덕평판각구분출동궤론、효과론화통일론。동궤론적전제예설시동궤시가이인지적공공대상，단실제상，동궤각구유사인성질；이여과견지파구유사인속성적동궤작위유효적도덕평판근거，저가능회도치선의해인적도덕패론。동궤론적저량충곤경사득타난이성위도덕평판적유효성근거。효과론존재량개예설，기직접적예설시：효과시가이피공공인지적대상；기생이성적예설시：인인구유상동적감지능력。실제상，인문적감지능력병불완전일치。저취사효과론작위도덕평판근거적유효성대대강저。통일론파동궤화효과결합기래작위도덕평판적근거，단시，유우동궤적복잡성화효과적다양성，통일론작위도덕평판적유효성근거잉연존재모사곤난。대도덕평판근거적유효성적질의，병몰유부정동궤、효과이급이자적통일성재도덕교육중적개치화도덕평판중적작용。
Moral judgment of good and evil generally cannot do without motive and effect, but on how to identify good and evil, three types of theory are differentiated ： motivation theory, effect theory and unification theory. The presupposition of motivation theory is that motivation is a common identifiable object. However, motivation is subjective and personal and cannot work as an effective base of moral evaluation accordingly, or it may lead to the moral paradox of harm from good. There are two predispositions with the effect theory. The direct one： effect is a public cognitive object; and the physiological one： people have the same perception of effect. Factually, people＇s awareness of effect is not the same, which reduces the validity of this theory as moral evaluation foundation. The unification theory combines motivation and effect. However, because of the complexity of the motivation and diversity of the effect, there are still some difficulties for this theory to be the basis of moral judgment. However, suspicion on the effectiveness of moral evaluation basis does not deny the value and function of motivation, effect and their unification in moral education and judgment.