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법학론단
Legal Forum
2015年
1期
142~149
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印度竞争法 域外适用 国际私法 发展中国家
印度競爭法 域外適用 國際私法 髮展中國傢
인도경쟁법 역외괄용 국제사법 발전중국가
Indian competition laws ; extraterritorial application; international private law; developing countries
传统竞争法具有严格的地域性,不可适用于域外的限制竞争行为。随着国际经济交往的日益频繁,跨国贸易的不断发展,很多限制竞争行为具有了远程效果,竞争法的属地性特征日趋淡化,域外效力逐渐得到认可。竞争法的域外适用不同于传统国际私法中的域外适用,其从产生伊始便饱受争议,但实践中几乎所有的发达国家的竞争立法中却都包含有域外适用效力的条款。发展中国家的竞争立法起步较晚,在不断深入的国际经济交往过程中饱受跨国限制竞争行为之害,也逐渐认识到竞争法的重要性以及竞争法域外适用的必要性。印度在竞争法的制定和实施方面走在发展中国家的前列,印度竞争法的域外适用问题在不断的执法探索、司法解释和立法更迭中经历着从不确定到明确否定再到有所发展的过程。这样的发展过程也给广大发展中国家带来诸多启示。
傳統競爭法具有嚴格的地域性,不可適用于域外的限製競爭行為。隨著國際經濟交往的日益頻繁,跨國貿易的不斷髮展,很多限製競爭行為具有瞭遠程效果,競爭法的屬地性特徵日趨淡化,域外效力逐漸得到認可。競爭法的域外適用不同于傳統國際私法中的域外適用,其從產生伊始便飽受爭議,但實踐中幾乎所有的髮達國傢的競爭立法中卻都包含有域外適用效力的條款。髮展中國傢的競爭立法起步較晚,在不斷深入的國際經濟交往過程中飽受跨國限製競爭行為之害,也逐漸認識到競爭法的重要性以及競爭法域外適用的必要性。印度在競爭法的製定和實施方麵走在髮展中國傢的前列,印度競爭法的域外適用問題在不斷的執法探索、司法解釋和立法更迭中經歷著從不確定到明確否定再到有所髮展的過程。這樣的髮展過程也給廣大髮展中國傢帶來諸多啟示。
전통경쟁법구유엄격적지역성,불가괄용우역외적한제경쟁행위。수착국제경제교왕적일익빈번,과국무역적불단발전,흔다한제경쟁행위구유료원정효과,경쟁법적속지성특정일추담화,역외효력축점득도인가。경쟁법적역외괄용불동우전통국제사법중적역외괄용,기종산생이시편포수쟁의,단실천중궤호소유적발체국가적경쟁입법중각도포함유역외괄용효력적조관。발전중국가적경쟁입법기보교만,재불단심입적국제경제교왕과정중포수과국한제경쟁행위지해,야축점인식도경쟁법적중요성이급경쟁법역외괄용적필요성。인도재경쟁법적제정화실시방면주재발전중국가적전렬,인도경쟁법적역외괄용문제재불단적집법탐색、사법해석화입법경질중경력착종불학정도명학부정재도유소발전적과정。저양적발전과정야급엄대발전중국가대래제다계시。
The competition law with strict territoriality in traditional sense could not be applied to extraterritorial anti - competitive practices. With the development of international trade, many anti - competitive practices have the remote effect. The nature of territoriality tends to fade and the extraterritorial effect is gradually accepted. The extraterritorial application of the competition law is different from the extraterritorial application in traditional international private law. It has been controversial since it e- merged, but it exists in most domestic competition laws in practice. The competition laws started late in developing countries, which suffer from multinational anti - competitive practices with the increasing international economic cooperation and realize the importance of the competition law and the necessity of its extraterritorial application gradually. India is considered as one of the leaders of developing countries in the field of drafting and enforcing competition laws. The issue concerning whether the Indian competition laws have the extraterritorial effect went through three phases, namely the ambiguous, negative and positive phases. These developments bring a lot of inspirations for developing countries.