心理科学
心理科學
심이과학
Psychological Science
2015年
1期
98~103
,共null页
语言转换代价 抑制 熟练程度
語言轉換代價 抑製 熟練程度
어언전환대개 억제 숙련정도
language switch cost, inhibition, proficiency
语言转换是双语研究领域的焦点问题之一,抑制控制模型、语言特异性选择模型、任务设置惯性模型和序列难度效应模型从不同的角度解释了语言转换的认知机制。认知神经科学的一些研究发现,语言转换与任务转换具有类似的神经机制,说明语言转换代价与任务转换代价的本质可能是相同的。抑制控制和语言熟练程度如何影响语言的转换,语言转换代价与任务转换代价的本质是否相同,一般领域的抑制机制是否可以迁移到语言转换领域等问题是未来需要进一步研究的问题。
語言轉換是雙語研究領域的焦點問題之一,抑製控製模型、語言特異性選擇模型、任務設置慣性模型和序列難度效應模型從不同的角度解釋瞭語言轉換的認知機製。認知神經科學的一些研究髮現,語言轉換與任務轉換具有類似的神經機製,說明語言轉換代價與任務轉換代價的本質可能是相同的。抑製控製和語言熟練程度如何影響語言的轉換,語言轉換代價與任務轉換代價的本質是否相同,一般領域的抑製機製是否可以遷移到語言轉換領域等問題是未來需要進一步研究的問題。
어언전환시쌍어연구영역적초점문제지일,억제공제모형、어언특이성선택모형、임무설치관성모형화서렬난도효응모형종불동적각도해석료어언전환적인지궤제。인지신경과학적일사연구발현,어언전환여임무전환구유유사적신경궤제,설명어언전환대개여임무전환대개적본질가능시상동적。억제공제화어언숙련정도여하영향어언적전환,어언전환대개여임무전환대개적본질시부상동,일반영역적억제궤제시부가이천이도어언전환영역등문제시미래수요진일보연구적문제。
The asymmetry of language switch cost has been the focus in the field of language switch. Previous studies furred that the switching cost is symmetrical in proficient bilinguals, but asymmetrical in non-proficient bilinguals. Therefore, some researchers augured that language switch cost is affected by L2 proficiency. However, others proposed that inhibitory control is the real cause of the language switch cost. In short, many models have been proposed to explain this linguistic phenomenon from different perspectives. The inhibitory control model and the language-specific selection model are the two classical theories. The former holds that lexical selection in the two languages are realized through the practice of inhibition, the degree of inhibition leads to symmetrical or asymmetrical language switch cost. On the contrary, the latter insists that the language switch cost is modulated by L2 proficiency. In addition, other models attempt to explain the two classical theories from different angles. The task-set Inertia model is consistent with the inhibitory control model, both of which claim that inhibitory control plays a key role in language switch. Furthermore, the sequential difficulty effect model emphasizes language proficiency, which is in line with the language-specific selection model. Therefore, no agreement has been reached yet on the asymmetry of language switch cost. Cognitive neuroscience studies on inhibitory control and L2 proficiency have revealed the neural mechanisms of language switch. The fMRI studies on less proficient bilinguals have shown that language switch can activate the right prefrontal cortex (rPFC), which reflects the role of inhibitory control, indicating that less proficient bilinguals need to rely on inhibitory mechanism to complete language switch successfully, and need to support the inhibitory control model. Nevertheless, some studies on proficient bilinguals found that rPFC was not activated. So they believed that language proficiency may modulate the symmetry of language switch cost, and that the language-specific selection model was correct. Moreover, cognitive neuroscience studies found that prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and left caudate nucleus were activated in language switch and task switch, indicating that the cost of language switch and task switch might be identical to some extent. Future research directions on language switch were pointed out in this paper. Specifically, (1) how do inhibition and language proficiency affect language switch? If the language switch cost is symmetrical for high inhibitory control of less proficient bilinguals and proficient bilinguals, inhibitory control will be the real reason for language switch cost. If the language switch cost in proficient bilinguals is symmetrical, and asymmetrical for high inhibitory control of non-proficient bilinguals, L2 proficiency will be an important factor for language switch cost. (2) Are language switch cost and task switch cost of the same nature? If the patterns of proficient and less proficient bilinguals in language switch cost and task switch cost are parallel, then the nature of the two tasks will be the same. If the language switch cost in proficient and less proficient bilinguals differs from the task switch cost, the language switch cost will at least be specific. (3) Can the inhibitory mechanism of domain-general task switch be generalized to language switch? If language switch cost in non-proficient bilinguals is symmetrical after training, domain-general inhibitory training can be generalized to language switch. Otherwise, L2 proficiency will be the key factor in the language switch cost.