中国人口资源与环境
中國人口資源與環境
중국인구자원여배경
China Polulation.Resources and Environment
2015年
1期
1~8
,共null页
京都议定书 碳交易 绿色悖论 治理机制 碳税
京都議定書 碳交易 綠色悖論 治理機製 碳稅
경도의정서 탄교역 록색패론 치리궤제 탄세
Kyoto Protocol; carbon trading; Green Paradox; governance mechanisms; carbon tax
低碳经济的政策分析。通常固于单一国家层面的局部均衡结果。较少考虑到全球整体行动的外部影响。但从《联合国气候变化框架公约》建立以来的全球一致减排行动。却产生了一些意料之外的负面效果。本文通过梳理《京都议定书》签订以来,全球低碳经济合作中遇到的新挑战,以及碳交易市场的建设状况,采用制度分析与新古典框架下的市场均衡分析方法,讨论了全球一致减排行动所触发的“绿色悖论”问题。研究发现。造成“绿色悖论”的主要原因,一方面是由于国际合作存在制度设计上的缺陷,《京都议定书》及其关键性的附件一,将重点放在如何限制发达工业国的减排设计上,但却忽视了发展中国家在协议期内有可能出现的增排问题,以及发达国家向发展中国家污染转移的碳泄漏等问题;另一方面,当对不可再生资源的使用征税、以及对其替代品进行补贴时。将会导致在当前期对于化石能源的加速开采,并可能导致对同时期的化石燃料替代品的其他可再生资源的开采速度也大幅度加快。造成了在双重加速开采下的全球绿色福利损失以及CO!排放量的急剧升高。化石能源消费与温室气体排放面临到比协议签署前更为严峻,甚至与全球合作减排框架的设计初衷相悖的结果。研究结果表明,非全局性的减排公约和分阶段的减排政策,是造成“绿色悖论”现象的重要条件.缺少了大量发展中国家和一些重要工业国的缔约,使得负面的环境外部性难以克服;同时,减排任务和责任有所区别的分阶段设计。会把在未来行动期内可预见到的更高地化石能源使用成本转嫁到当前的行动期,造成短时间内资源与环境的迅速破坏。但本文的研究也表明。社会最优经济与对可再生能源进行补贴是克服“绿色悖论”现象的两条可行路径,且需要有与其相匹配的政府政策的支持。由此。本文的主要政策建议是,中国需要加强在国际气候公约中的影响力,提升自身话语权;以碳税政策作为发展低碳经济制度设计的主要政策工具;加快技术进步、提高能源使用效率,对于可再生能源研发进行补贴;根据国情不断优化碳税税率。并适时调整与其相匹配的新能源补贴等相关政策。
低碳經濟的政策分析。通常固于單一國傢層麵的跼部均衡結果。較少攷慮到全毬整體行動的外部影響。但從《聯閤國氣候變化框架公約》建立以來的全毬一緻減排行動。卻產生瞭一些意料之外的負麵效果。本文通過梳理《京都議定書》籤訂以來,全毬低碳經濟閤作中遇到的新挑戰,以及碳交易市場的建設狀況,採用製度分析與新古典框架下的市場均衡分析方法,討論瞭全毬一緻減排行動所觸髮的“綠色悖論”問題。研究髮現。造成“綠色悖論”的主要原因,一方麵是由于國際閤作存在製度設計上的缺陷,《京都議定書》及其關鍵性的附件一,將重點放在如何限製髮達工業國的減排設計上,但卻忽視瞭髮展中國傢在協議期內有可能齣現的增排問題,以及髮達國傢嚮髮展中國傢汙染轉移的碳洩漏等問題;另一方麵,噹對不可再生資源的使用徵稅、以及對其替代品進行補貼時。將會導緻在噹前期對于化石能源的加速開採,併可能導緻對同時期的化石燃料替代品的其他可再生資源的開採速度也大幅度加快。造成瞭在雙重加速開採下的全毬綠色福利損失以及CO!排放量的急劇升高。化石能源消費與溫室氣體排放麵臨到比協議籤署前更為嚴峻,甚至與全毬閤作減排框架的設計初衷相悖的結果。研究結果錶明,非全跼性的減排公約和分階段的減排政策,是造成“綠色悖論”現象的重要條件.缺少瞭大量髮展中國傢和一些重要工業國的締約,使得負麵的環境外部性難以剋服;同時,減排任務和責任有所區彆的分階段設計。會把在未來行動期內可預見到的更高地化石能源使用成本轉嫁到噹前的行動期,造成短時間內資源與環境的迅速破壞。但本文的研究也錶明。社會最優經濟與對可再生能源進行補貼是剋服“綠色悖論”現象的兩條可行路徑,且需要有與其相匹配的政府政策的支持。由此。本文的主要政策建議是,中國需要加彊在國際氣候公約中的影響力,提升自身話語權;以碳稅政策作為髮展低碳經濟製度設計的主要政策工具;加快技術進步、提高能源使用效率,對于可再生能源研髮進行補貼;根據國情不斷優化碳稅稅率。併適時調整與其相匹配的新能源補貼等相關政策。
저탄경제적정책분석。통상고우단일국가층면적국부균형결과。교소고필도전구정체행동적외부영향。단종《연합국기후변화광가공약》건립이래적전구일치감배행동。각산생료일사의료지외적부면효과。본문통과소리《경도의정서》첨정이래,전구저탄경제합작중우도적신도전,이급탄교역시장적건설상황,채용제도분석여신고전광가하적시장균형분석방법,토론료전구일치감배행동소촉발적“록색패론”문제。연구발현。조성“록색패론”적주요원인,일방면시유우국제합작존재제도설계상적결함,《경도의정서》급기관건성적부건일,장중점방재여하한제발체공업국적감배설계상,단각홀시료발전중국가재협의기내유가능출현적증배문제,이급발체국가향발전중국가오염전이적탄설루등문제;령일방면,당대불가재생자원적사용정세、이급대기체대품진행보첩시。장회도치재당전기대우화석능원적가속개채,병가능도치대동시기적화석연료체대품적기타가재생자원적개채속도야대폭도가쾌。조성료재쌍중가속개채하적전구록색복리손실이급CO!배방량적급극승고。화석능원소비여온실기체배방면림도비협의첨서전경위엄준,심지여전구합작감배광가적설계초충상패적결과。연구결과표명,비전국성적감배공약화분계단적감배정책,시조성“록색패론”현상적중요조건.결소료대량발전중국가화일사중요공업국적체약,사득부면적배경외부성난이극복;동시,감배임무화책임유소구별적분계단설계。회파재미래행동기내가예견도적경고지화석능원사용성본전가도당전적행동기,조성단시간내자원여배경적신속파배。단본문적연구야표명。사회최우경제여대가재생능원진행보첩시극복“록색패론”현상적량조가행로경,차수요유여기상필배적정부정책적지지。유차。본문적주요정책건의시,중국수요가강재국제기후공약중적영향력,제승자신화어권;이탄세정책작위발전저탄경제제도설계적주요정책공구;가쾌기술진보、제고능원사용효솔,대우가재생능원연발진행보첩;근거국정불단우화탄세세솔。병괄시조정여기상필배적신능원보첩등상관정책。
Existing low-carbon economic policies are usually the result of partial equilibrium level of single country, since the establishment of UNFCCC, the world has produced some unexpected negative results. This paper, combing through the signing of the Kyoto Protocol cooperation in the global low-carbon economy and new challenges, the construction of the carbon trading market conditions, uses the system analysis and the market equilibrium analysis under neoclassical framework, and discusses the Green Paradox problem triggered by the global consensus mitigation actions. The study found the main reasons of Green Paradox: on the one hand, there are loopholes in the system of international cooperation in the design of Kyoto Protocol and its key accessories I, which foeus on how to limit emissions in developed industrial countries on the design, but it ignores the developing countries in term of the agreement may increase discharge, as well as transfer of pollution from developed countries to developing countries, such as carbon leakage problem. On the other hand, as used taxation on non-renewable resources, and subsidies on their alternatives, will result in the great acceleration of exploitation of other alternative renewable resources, so does the non-renewable resources, it will cause global green welfare losses under the twofold increase exploitation, meanwhile the CO2 emissions will be accelerated dramatically. Fossil energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions become more severe than before the signing of the agreement, or even the result is contrary to the purpose of designing the global cooperation framework to reduce emissions. The results show that the non-global emission reducing conventions and the phased reduction policies, are the significant causes of Green Paradox phenomenon, the lack of numbers developing countries and some important industrial countries, would make the negative environmental externalities difficult to be overcome. Meanwhile, the stages design of differentiated emission reduction tasks and responsibilities, will shift the foreseeable higher fossil energy using costs from future action period to current action period, resulting in the rapid destruction of resources and the environment in a short time. But this paper also shows that the social optimal economic and subsidies for renewable energy are the two possible paths to overcome the Green Paradox phenomenon, which need the support of government policies. Thus, the main policy recommendations of this paper show that, China needs to strengthen its influence in the international climate convention, and enhance its speak rights; carbon tax policy should be the major policy to develop low-carbon economy; China should accelerate teehnological progress and improve energy use efficiency and subsidy the renewable energy research and development; according to national eonditions, to optimize the carbon tax and adjust its matched new energy subsidies and other related policies.