中国人口资源与环境
中國人口資源與環境
중국인구자원여배경
China Polulation.Resources and Environment
2015年
1期
40~45
,共null页
碳价格 传递率 进出口贸易 能源成本 气候变化
碳價格 傳遞率 進齣口貿易 能源成本 氣候變化
탄개격 전체솔 진출구무역 능원성본 기후변화
carbon price; cost pass through rate; export and import trade; energy cost; climate change
应对气候变化的政策手段多种多样,市场机制手段是目前应用广泛的政策工具之一。国际碳交易的实践尤其是欧盟ETS的运行效果显示,电力及一些能源加工转换行业通常会因为承担了碳交易的成本。而会导致其下游产品价格的发生变动,一般表现在下游电力价格的增加。因此会使得其他行业的生产成本受电力价格的上涨而增加。因此碳价格机制的引入对于整个经济发展的成本产生一定的影晌。而我国目前以出口贸易为导向的经济现状,势必使得碳价格影晌到出口贸易的产品成本上。本文主要利用我国2005年和2007年的投入产出表。测算我国出口贸易产品能源成本的变化。结果显示我国出口产品的能源成本占每年出口额比重约为13%,若扣除掉消耗进口中间产品的因素。仅仅考虑国内中间投入产品的能源成本。则出口产品中的能源成本比重下降至9%一10%左右,其中电力的成本约占整个能源成本的60%以上,若由于碳价格机制的引入导致电力成本上涨50%,则使得我国出口能源成本的至少上涨一半以上,这将大幅度降低我国出口产品的国际竞争力。因此我图出口贸易的主要部门一方面需要不断加强技术研发投入,提升其生产技术水平,降低能源成本的比重,提高单位产品的能源效率;另一方面由于我国外贸存在较大的顺差,也要不断调整出口产品的结构,配合国内产业政策的调整。降低能源成本较高产品的出口,优化出口产品的结构,提高出口产品的科技含量和附棚值,整个贸易政策调整优先向竞争力导向转变。
應對氣候變化的政策手段多種多樣,市場機製手段是目前應用廣汎的政策工具之一。國際碳交易的實踐尤其是歐盟ETS的運行效果顯示,電力及一些能源加工轉換行業通常會因為承擔瞭碳交易的成本。而會導緻其下遊產品價格的髮生變動,一般錶現在下遊電力價格的增加。因此會使得其他行業的生產成本受電力價格的上漲而增加。因此碳價格機製的引入對于整箇經濟髮展的成本產生一定的影晌。而我國目前以齣口貿易為導嚮的經濟現狀,勢必使得碳價格影晌到齣口貿易的產品成本上。本文主要利用我國2005年和2007年的投入產齣錶。測算我國齣口貿易產品能源成本的變化。結果顯示我國齣口產品的能源成本佔每年齣口額比重約為13%,若釦除掉消耗進口中間產品的因素。僅僅攷慮國內中間投入產品的能源成本。則齣口產品中的能源成本比重下降至9%一10%左右,其中電力的成本約佔整箇能源成本的60%以上,若由于碳價格機製的引入導緻電力成本上漲50%,則使得我國齣口能源成本的至少上漲一半以上,這將大幅度降低我國齣口產品的國際競爭力。因此我圖齣口貿易的主要部門一方麵需要不斷加彊技術研髮投入,提升其生產技術水平,降低能源成本的比重,提高單位產品的能源效率;另一方麵由于我國外貿存在較大的順差,也要不斷調整齣口產品的結構,配閤國內產業政策的調整。降低能源成本較高產品的齣口,優化齣口產品的結構,提高齣口產品的科技含量和附棚值,整箇貿易政策調整優先嚮競爭力導嚮轉變。
응대기후변화적정책수단다충다양,시장궤제수단시목전응용엄범적정책공구지일。국제탄교역적실천우기시구맹ETS적운행효과현시,전력급일사능원가공전환행업통상회인위승담료탄교역적성본。이회도치기하유산품개격적발생변동,일반표현재하유전력개격적증가。인차회사득기타행업적생산성본수전력개격적상창이증가。인차탄개격궤제적인입대우정개경제발전적성본산생일정적영상。이아국목전이출구무역위도향적경제현상,세필사득탄개격영상도출구무역적산품성본상。본문주요이용아국2005년화2007년적투입산출표。측산아국출구무역산품능원성본적변화。결과현시아국출구산품적능원성본점매년출구액비중약위13%,약구제도소모진구중간산품적인소。부부고필국내중간투입산품적능원성본。칙출구산품중적능원성본비중하강지9%일10%좌우,기중전력적성본약점정개능원성본적60%이상,약유우탄개격궤제적인입도치전력성본상창50%,칙사득아국출구능원성본적지소상창일반이상,저장대폭도강저아국출구산품적국제경쟁력。인차아도출구무역적주요부문일방면수요불단가강기술연발투입,제승기생산기술수평,강저능원성본적비중,제고단위산품적능원효솔;령일방면유우아국외무존재교대적순차,야요불단조정출구산품적결구,배합국내산업정책적조정。강저능원성본교고산품적출구,우화출구산품적결구,제고출구산품적과기함량화부붕치,정개무역정책조정우선향경쟁력도향전변。
Among the diverse policy instruments to address climate change, market mechanism is most widely used. International carbon trading practices, especially the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS), indicate that carbon trading costs in power and other energy processing and conversion sectors bring change to downstream product prices. Typically reflected in increased tariff of downstream electricity, the change subsequently pushes up the cost of production in other sectors. Hence, the introduction of a carbon pricing mechanism will influence the cost of the overall economic development. For an export-oriented economy in China, it is bound to affect the product costs of export trade. Based on the input-output tables in 2005 and 2007, this paper examines the energy costs of export trade products in China, and finds that energy costs account for about 13% of the annual export value. If only domestic intermediate inputs are considered and imported ones deducted, the proportion fails to 9% - 10%, while electricity cost takes up over 60% of the whole energy costs. Given an increase of electricity costs by 50% with the introduction of the carbon pricing mechanism, the energy costs will be at least doubled, which will massively cut the international competitiveness of China' s export products. Export trade sectors therefore need to step up the R & D input to enhance their technological strength, and thereby lower energy costs by increasing energy efficiency per unit of product. Meanwhile, in view of the large foreign trade surplus, it is necessary to constantly adjust the structure of export products. In line with the adjustment of domestic industrial policy, the export structure should be optimized by reducing energy-intensive products, so as to improve the technological content and added value of exports, while the overall adjustment of trade policies is oriented to competitiveness.