CAJ | 학술논문

马克思说过人体解剖是猴体解剖的钥匙，但他还说过只有自我批判的“人体”才能客观认识“猴体”。法治与人治的关系可以就此类比。人类社会发展中，法治比人治进步，现代国家无不以法治建设为治国之本。但法治要正确理解自己并客观认识人治，也需要自我批判层面的反思。马克思恩格斯关于法的本质、法学中的公平及人的权利等问题的论述，可谓是法治自我批判的反思，这种反思于今日中国仍非常宝贵。其一，法的本质首要是保障社会生产方式所需要的基本秩序，而不是抽象的公平理念；法学家对公平的追求其实都是现实经济结构或者反映其保守方面，或者反映其革命方面的观念化的神圣化的表现。其二，不能离开社会经济结构的历史发展看“法治的真谛是人权”，权利不是来自纯粹自然的抽象天赋，而是来自特定社会时空条件的规范。权利决不能超出社会的经济结构以及由经济结构制约的社会的文化发展。其三，中国的法治建设是一个过程，该过程应当包含法治的自省和对人治资源的客观认识，藉此才能使有关人治资源在法治建设中被合理利用和转化。贯穿法治建设过程始终的是中国特色社会主义现代化发展的客观需要，它的历史进步性应当蕴含对人类社会治理新形态的独特探索。
마극사설과인체해부시후체해부적약시，단타환설과지유자아비판적“인체”재능객관인식“후체”。법치여인치적관계가이취차류비。인류사회발전중，법치비인치진보，현대국가무불이법치건설위치국지본。단법치요정학리해자기병객관인식인치，야수요자아비판층면적반사。마극사은격사관우법적본질、법학중적공평급인적권리등문제적논술，가위시법치자아비판적반사，저충반사우금일중국잉비상보귀。기일，법적본질수요시보장사회생산방식소수요적기본질서，이불시추상적공평이념；법학가대공평적추구기실도시현실경제결구혹자반영기보수방면，혹자반영기혁명방면적관념화적신골화적표현。기이，불능리개사회경제결구적역사발전간“법치적진체시인권”，권리불시래자순수자연적추상천부，이시래자특정사회시공조건적규범。권리결불능초출사회적경제결구이급유경제결구제약적사회적문화발전。기삼，중국적법치건설시일개과정，해과정응당포함법치적자성화대인치자원적객관인식，자차재능사유관인치자원재법치건설중피합리이용화전화。관천법치건설과정시종적시중국특색사회주의현대화발전적객관수요，타적역사진보성응당온함대인류사회치리신형태적독특탐색。
Marx said that human anatomy was the key to understanding monkey＇s anatomy, and he also commented that only when humans could criticize themselves, were they able to understand the monkey objectively. The relationship between the rule of law and the rule of man could be analogous. In the development of human society, the rule of law is more progressive than the rule of man, and nearly every modern country chooses the construction of rule of law as the foundation to manage state affairs. But humans should understand the rule of law correctly and also understand the rule of man objectively. And they should also need a self- critical reflection on the rule of law. What Marx and Engels said about the nature of the law, the justice and the human rights in legal science, was actually a reflection on the rule of law. These theoretical resources are of great significance to us in understanding the process of the construction of the rule of law in contemporary China.