CAJ | 학술논문

牟宗三先生尝言：“荀子之学，历来无善解。”自汉以降，“无善解”的现象一直绵延至今。当下学术界大多将荀子人性学说概括为“性恶论”，就是一个非常有代表性的“无善解”案例。本文从“礼”切入荀子思想内在逻辑结构，继而论证“礼”之道德精神是“仁”。对仁存在正当性的证明，实际上已触及荀子思想另一重大理论问题：荀子思想体系中是否存在道德形上学？荀子从道德形上学高度为仁存在正当性进行论证，这是荀子仁学所达到的理论新高度，同时也是学术界自汉以来一直忽略与低估的学术问题。在本根论层面，仁是“天德”。作为“客观精神”的仁具有绝对性、普遍性特点，因而是人之“命”；荀子“人性”概念蕴涵三层义项：人之欲、感官功能与属性、“人之所以为人”的自然德性。在人性论层面，荀子一再声明人“有性质美”，“性伤”才有可能导致人性趋向恶。“人之性恶”与“未发”意义上的欲没有直接关系，恶不是“本始材朴”自然材质固有的本质属性，恶只与后天“已发”意义上的发生学有涉。荀子人性论立足于“人之所以为人”基础上立论，仁是“心之所发”，所以应“诚心守仁”，“致诚”就是让内在于人性之仁“是其所是”地彰明。因此，将荀子人性学说界定为“性恶论”、“人性恶”，不能不说是一深度的误读与误解。
모종삼선생상언：“순자지학，력래무선해。”자한이강，“무선해”적현상일직면연지금。당하학술계대다장순자인성학설개괄위“성악론”，취시일개비상유대표성적“무선해”안례。본문종“례”절입순자사상내재라집결구，계이론증“례”지도덕정신시“인”。대인존재정당성적증명，실제상이촉급순자사상령일중대이론문제：순자사상체계중시부존재도덕형상학？순자종도덕형상학고도위인존재정당성진행론증，저시순자인학소체도적이론신고도，동시야시학술계자한이래일직홀략여저고적학술문제。재본근론층면，인시“천덕”。작위“객관정신”적인구유절대성、보편성특점，인이시인지“명”；순자“인성”개념온함삼층의항：인지욕、감관공능여속성、“인지소이위인”적자연덕성。재인성론층면，순자일재성명인“유성질미”，“성상”재유가능도치인성추향악。“인지성악”여“미발”의의상적욕몰유직접관계，악불시“본시재박”자연재질고유적본질속성，악지여후천“이발”의의상적발생학유섭。순자인성론립족우“인지소이위인”기출상립론，인시“심지소발”，소이응“성심수인”，“치성”취시양내재우인성지인“시기소시”지창명。인차，장순자인성학설계정위“성악론”、“인성악”，불능불설시일심도적오독여오해。
Mr. Mou Zongsan once said：＂Xun Zi＇ s theory lacks perfect interpretation. ＂ Such is the case since the Han Dynasty. The explanation of Xun Zi＇ s theory on human nature as evil by the academic circles of contemporary era is an extremely representative case. From the intrinsic logical organization of theory from ＂the ritual＂, this article proves that the ethical spirit of ＂the ritual＂ is ＂ren＂. This touches upon another significant question of Xun Zi＇ s theory： whether there is in Xun Zi＇ s ideology a moral metaphysics. Xun Zi tried to prove for ren＇ s existence validity from the moral metaphysics, which is a new altitude of the ren theory. However, the academic circles have been continuously neglecting and underestimating this since the Han Dynasty. In terms of ontology, the ren is ＂Tian-De＂（heavenly moral）. As ＂objective spirit＂, the ren has absolute quality and universal characteristics, it is thus ＂the life＂ of all humans. The concept of Xun Zi＇ s ＂ human nature＂ contains three connotations： human desire, sensuous function and property, natural morality of ＂humans being humans＂. In terms of humanity doctrine, Xun Zi stated repeatedly that the human ＂has beauty of human nature＂, that ＂the natural wound＂ only causes the human nature to tend to evil, that human nature has no direct relationship with those potential evils, that evil is not the natural property inherent in humans, and that evil has to do only with postnatal ＂appearance＂ of evil doings. Therefore, to assert that Xun Zi＇ s theory on human nature is that ＂human beings are born evil＂ is a deep misreading and misunderstanding.