CAJ | 학술논문

榆林窟第3窟开凿于西夏时代，窟内画显密经变画和曼荼罗12幅。其中南壁西侧画恶趣清净曼荼罗，上方绘制五守护佛母曼荼罗。五守护佛母曼荼罗在藏传密教中属所作怛特罗的信仰范畴，又称之为五护曼荼罗、五守护曼荼罗等，是大随求等五篇陀罗尼佛格化后组合到一起的一组尊像，广泛流行在我国的西藏地区和尼泊尔。五守护佛母曼荼罗的相关经典成立在公元1100年前后，见于印度后期密教大师无畏生护（Abhayakaragupta）著《金刚鬓》（Vajravalj）和《究竟瑜伽鬓》（Nispannayogavali），它的发现和解读，对研究敦煌石窟西夏密教图像的源流有着重要的参考价值。
유림굴제3굴개착우서하시대，굴내화현밀경변화화만도라12폭。기중남벽서측화악취청정만도라，상방회제오수호불모만도라。오수호불모만도라재장전밀교중속소작달특라적신앙범주，우칭지위오호만도라、오수호만도라등，시대수구등오편타라니불격화후조합도일기적일조존상，엄범류행재아국적서장지구화니박이。오수호불모만도라적상관경전성립재공원1100년전후，견우인도후기밀교대사무외생호（Abhayakaragupta）저《금강빈》（Vajravalj）화《구경유가빈》（Nispannayogavali），타적발현화해독，대연구돈황석굴서하밀교도상적원류유착중요적삼고개치。
Built in the Western Xia period, Cave 3 of the Yulin Grottoes now has twelve sutra illustrations or mandalas of both exoteric and esoteric Buddhism. This particular mandala is painted on the upper west of the south wall. Affiliating to the tantra belief, the Paficarakna Mandala combines various deities from the Mahapratisara, Mahasahasrapramardani, Mahamayuri, Mahasitavati, Mahamantranusarini, which was popular in the Tibetan region of China and in Nepal. Relevant Buddhist sutras took shape around 1100 CE and are recorded in both Vajravali and Nispannayogavali written by Abhayakaragupta, a great master of late esoteric Buddhism in India. The discovery; and interpretation of this mandala is of significant reference value for studying the origins of esoteric Buddhist images in the Western Xia caves at Dunhuang