心理学报
心理學報
심이학보
Acta Psychologica Sinica
2015年
2期
212~223
,共null页
相对到达时间任务 客体特征 运动特征 动态空间能力
相對到達時間任務 客體特徵 運動特徵 動態空間能力
상대도체시간임무 객체특정 운동특정 동태공간능력
Relative Arrival Time Task; object properties; motion properties; dynamic spatial ability
相对到达时间任务(RAT)是判断两个运动客体哪个先到达指定目标,可用来评估个体动态空间能力。采用RAT任务对飞行员与普通被试进行对照研究,寻求发现两组在运动客体特征和视觉空间运动特征及其相互关系上的处理差异。设计了3个实验分别考察客体颜色、客体大小、运动方向、速率大小、视线方向以及背景特征对判断的影响。结果显示:(1)客体颜色不影响运动客体的相对时间判断,客体大小、运动方向、速率大小、视线方向以及背景特征影响判断;(2)控制组对显示屏上从左到右的运动客体的相对时间判断好于从右到左任务,大速率任务判断更好,对大客体快速行驶而小客体低速行驶时的相对到达时间更易区分,且与两眼视线方向不一致的运动方向会使控制组判断更难,运动背景中的目标线特征改变使控制组判断绩效降低;(3)和控制组比,飞行员反应快正确率高,其快速判断优势集中体现在从右到左运动以及小速率任务上,且在不同运动方向和不同速率上的反应时均无差异,飞行员的处理优势还表现在不受客体大小、视线方向改变和目标线特征改变的影响。结论:飞行员能在变化的空间中准确处理相对速度、相对距离、相对时间等运动信息,能分离客体大小、背景、运动方向等因素对相对到达时间判断的影响,在运动空间中飞行员具有较高场独立性认知特征和动态空间处理能力。
相對到達時間任務(RAT)是判斷兩箇運動客體哪箇先到達指定目標,可用來評估箇體動態空間能力。採用RAT任務對飛行員與普通被試進行對照研究,尋求髮現兩組在運動客體特徵和視覺空間運動特徵及其相互關繫上的處理差異。設計瞭3箇實驗分彆攷察客體顏色、客體大小、運動方嚮、速率大小、視線方嚮以及揹景特徵對判斷的影響。結果顯示:(1)客體顏色不影響運動客體的相對時間判斷,客體大小、運動方嚮、速率大小、視線方嚮以及揹景特徵影響判斷;(2)控製組對顯示屏上從左到右的運動客體的相對時間判斷好于從右到左任務,大速率任務判斷更好,對大客體快速行駛而小客體低速行駛時的相對到達時間更易區分,且與兩眼視線方嚮不一緻的運動方嚮會使控製組判斷更難,運動揹景中的目標線特徵改變使控製組判斷績效降低;(3)和控製組比,飛行員反應快正確率高,其快速判斷優勢集中體現在從右到左運動以及小速率任務上,且在不同運動方嚮和不同速率上的反應時均無差異,飛行員的處理優勢還錶現在不受客體大小、視線方嚮改變和目標線特徵改變的影響。結論:飛行員能在變化的空間中準確處理相對速度、相對距離、相對時間等運動信息,能分離客體大小、揹景、運動方嚮等因素對相對到達時間判斷的影響,在運動空間中飛行員具有較高場獨立性認知特徵和動態空間處理能力。
상대도체시간임무(RAT)시판단량개운동객체나개선도체지정목표,가용래평고개체동태공간능력。채용RAT임무대비행원여보통피시진행대조연구,심구발현량조재운동객체특정화시각공간운동특정급기상호관계상적처리차이。설계료3개실험분별고찰객체안색、객체대소、운동방향、속솔대소、시선방향이급배경특정대판단적영향。결과현시:(1)객체안색불영향운동객체적상대시간판단,객체대소、운동방향、속솔대소、시선방향이급배경특정영향판단;(2)공제조대현시병상종좌도우적운동객체적상대시간판단호우종우도좌임무,대속솔임무판단경호,대대객체쾌속행사이소객체저속행사시적상대도체시간경역구분,차여량안시선방향불일치적운동방향회사공제조판단경난,운동배경중적목표선특정개변사공제조판단적효강저;(3)화공제조비,비행원반응쾌정학솔고,기쾌속판단우세집중체현재종우도좌운동이급소속솔임무상,차재불동운동방향화불동속솔상적반응시균무차이,비행원적처리우세환표현재불수객체대소、시선방향개변화목표선특정개변적영향。결론:비행원능재변화적공간중준학처리상대속도、상대거리、상대시간등운동신식,능분리객체대소、배경、운동방향등인소대상대도체시간판단적영향,재운동공간중비행원구유교고장독립성인지특정화동태공간처리능력。
The Relative Arrival Time Task, in which participants are asked to judge which of the two moving objects would reach the designated target first, is largely used to assess the dynamic spatial ability. What are the impacts of object properties and motion properties of the two moving items on judgment in this relatively complex task is still unclear. This study focuses on the cognitive processing of experiential variables and visual variables, as well as the individual differences in RAT tasks. Pilot group and non-pilot group were recruited to make a compare in their processing of visuospatial object properties, motion properties and their interrelationship in RAT tasks. Three experiments were designed to extensively and sequentially examine the effects of different properties of objects on judgments. While Experiment 1 focused on the color, movement direction and velocity, Experiment 2 investigated the size and vision direction, exploring the target line which could possibly affect distance representation and spatial configuration into Experiment 3. The processing advantages of the pilot group were also considered in three expeirments, respectively. The results of Experiment 1 showed that the movement direction and velocity of two objects had effects on the judgment of RAT tasks with no such findings concerning color of object. Participants demonstrated better performance on the left-to-right tasks presented on the screen compared to the right-to-left ones, which was more salient on tasks with objects moving in large velocity. Compared to the control group, pilot group exhibited shorter response time and with better accuracy on average, which was largely reflected on the right-to-left tasks and those with small velocity, and there were no significant difference in response time between tasks in opposite direction or in contrasting velocity for pilot group. It was found in Experiment 2 that the size–speed factor affected the judgment of RAT tasks for control group, and non-pilot participants did better in tasks featured by fast-moving large objects or by small objects moving at low speed. In addition, tasks withinconsistency in directions of moving objects and visions of participants seemed more difficult for control group to complete. Processing advantages of pilots were presented in judgments on RAT tasks was not affected by size of objects and the accuracy of the judgments was unbiased despite of moving in different vision lines. Experiment 3 showed that, the judgment of pilot group was not affected by changing the features of target line while a poorer performance occurred in non-pilot group. The judgment of RAT tasks, which is a complicated process of collaborative judgments on a basis of multiple representations of objects, is affected by the two objects' size, velocity, direction of movement, direction of vision and features of target. However, pilots are able to accurately process such information as relative speed, relative distance, relative time and movement direction in a changing space, dissociating the functions of object size and background in motion judgments. Therefore, it suggests that pilots have a higher field-independent cognitive trait and dynamic spatial processing capabilities.